History of Photography and the Camera (Timeline)

Several important achievements and milestones dating back to the ancient Greeks have contributed to the development of cameras and photography.   Here is a brief time timeline of the various breakthroughs with a description of its importance.   5th-4th Centuries B.C. Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles of optics and the camera. 1664-1666 Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors. 1727 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light. 1794 First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker. 1814 Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image using  an early device for projecting real-life imagery called a  camera obscura. However, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. 1837 Louis Daguerres first daguerreotype, an image that was fixed and did not fade and needed under thirty minutes of light exposure. 1840 First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera. 1841 William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process,  the first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple copies. 1843 The first advertisement with a photograph is published in Philadelphia. 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process  so that images required only two or three seconds of light exposure. 1859 Panoramic camera, called  the Sutton, is  patented. 1861 Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer. 1865 Photographs and photographic negatives are added to protected works under copyright law. 1871 Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process, which means negatives no longer had to be developed immediately. 1880 Eastman Dry Plate Company is founded. 1884 George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film. 1888 Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera. 1898 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film. 1900 First mass-marketed camera, called the Brownie, goes on sale. 1913/1914 First 35mm still camera is developed. 1927 General Electric invents the modern flash bulb. 1932 First light meter with photoelectric cell is  introduced. 1935 Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film. 1941 Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film. 1942 Chester Carlson receives a patent for electric photography (xerography). 1948 Edwin Land launches and  markets the Polaroid camera. 1954 Eastman Kodak introduces high-speed Tri-X film. 1960 EGG develops extreme depth underwater camera for U.S. Navy. 1963 Polaroid introduces the instant color film. 1968 Photograph of the Earth is taken from the moon. The photograph, Earthrise, is considered one of  the most influential environmental photographs ever taken. 1973 Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the SX-70 camera. 1977 Pioneers  George Eastman and Edwin Land are  inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. 1978 Konica introduces the first point-and-shoot autofocus camera. 1980 Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder for capturing moving picture. 1984 Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still camera. 1985 Pixar introduces the digital imaging processor. 1990 Eastman Kodak announces Photo Compact Disc as a digital image storage medium. 1999 Kyocera Corporation introduces the VP-210 VisualPhone, the worlds first mobile phone with built-in camera for recording videos and still photos.

The Gender Paradox Of Suicidal Behavior - 899 Words

The Gender Paradox of Suicidal Behaviour There is a significant disparity in suicide rates between males and females; more specifically, the rates of attempted and completed suicides are unbalanced. Studies conducted by CDC in 2015 show that males are nearly four times as successful in completion of suicide than females; however, the prevalence of suicidal thoughts is much higher among females than it is among males as shown in the 2013 research by SAMHSA (29). So if women are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide, why are men more likely to actually die from suicide? A biological study found that lower serotonin and higher dopamine levels in males causes them to be more depressed and impulsively act, therefore increasing the suicide rate (Kumpula). Other studies try to explain this without the interference of genetic differences. MoÅ›cicki reports that this paradox is due to the differential rate of depression and alcohol abuse between the genders (156 ). Canetto and Sakinofsky say that it is predominantly a cultural aspect, that is, different suicidal behaviours are expected of females and males (1). Callanan and Davis attribute this to the lethality of the methods chosen by men and women (Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 857). In this essay, I will be exploring Callanan and Davis’ theory to explain the higher rates of suicide in men, despite not attempting it as often as females. Men comprise 77.9% of all suicides (CDC 1) andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Epidemic of Male Suicide Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesconfusion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2012), provides facts such as, â€Å"Suicide among males is four times higher than among females and represents 79% of all U.S. suicides†. This gender paradox is one of the utmost compelling components regarding who is greatest at risk to attempt suicide. Why is it that men commit suic ide more often than women? More than four times as many men as women die by suicide because depressed men are less likelyRead MoreNegative Impact Of Gender Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence may be fading. In one new study, a majority of millennials surveyed argued that gender shouldn’t define us the way it has historically, and individuals shouldn’t feel pressure to conform to traditional gender roles or behaviors. Enforcing norms can even have health risks, according to another study. Some women’s colleges are now reportedly rethinking their admissions policies to account for gender non-conforming students. And even President Obama is getting in on the norm-questioning trend:Read MoreAccording To The Cdc, From 2011-2015 For Adolescent Hispanic1495 Words   |  6 Pagesask them to put that aside for their familys’. Zayas et al. (2005) states â€Å"†¦familism reflects the centrality of the family in the institutional structure of Latin American societies and the governing role of the family in the individual’s life and behavior†¦emphasizes maintenance of family cohesion, obligation and intense attachment to relative, and primacy of the family in the individual’s self-identity and social world.† The adolescent Latina is taught that family is first and is the most importantRead MoreThe Aids Epidemic1504 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility, fatality, and contractibility. (Capitanio Herek, 1999) For society, it is easy to create stigma of a disease whose cause for occurrence is based upon individual responsibility and â€Å"because the primary transmission routes for HIV are behaviors that are widely considered voluntary and immoral, PWHIVs (people with HIV) are regarded by a significant portion of the public as responsible for their condition and consequently are stigmatized,† (Capitanio, Herek). The disease was thought to beRead MoreCauses and Effects of Internet Addiction Among Students10456 Words   |  42 Pagesincreased hours visiting chat rooms, sex pages and blogs, male gender, divorced status, poor grades, and accessing the Internet outside of the home. The results of this study will allow health officials to recognise students who are Internet addicted or on the verge of becoming addicted and stress risk factors indicating a need for intervention in order to prevent the appearance of IA. Keywords: Greece, university students, Internet addiction, gender, academic performance, sex pages JEL classification: C83

Management In Global - Industry And Macro Environment

Question: Case study on management in Global Environment. Answer: Macro and Industry Environment in the Southeast Asian Region As opined by Studwell (2013), both the macro and industry environment in the Southeast Asian region for the new entrants such as new budget airlines is one of great potential. Roy (2014) added in this context that the success of the new budget airlines depends on the liberalization policy of the government. In order to more precise, when the government of this region liberalizes the airlines in their nations, the new budget airlines would able to make growth and acquire success as well. Stockport (2012) compared the Asian airlines industry with the airlines business of rest of the world and found that the Asian airlines industry was highly cost competitive. This is because of the suitable macro environment of the Southeast Asian Region for the airline business. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, no frills fliers were there that could have threatened the Asian airlines (Pauka, 2015). However, Studwell (2013) explained that some challenges as well as opportunities are associated with the macro and industry environment of Southeast Asian region. In the recent years, the competition in the Asian airlines has been increasing gradually. It has been found that the number of potential travelers increases day by day and this is the prime reason of the increasing competition. Besides, the successful existing businesses attract the new business and thus the completion in this region increases. Along with that, as the government regulations have decreased in this region, the businesses are able to explore opportunities where they could enhance their business (Stockport, 2012). Besides, the low fare Asian airlines increase the number of potential travelers and hence this growing number delivers opportunity to make more profits. Apart from this, the fuel cost along with the cost of ground operations and passenger services create challenges in balancing the cost and revenue (P auka, 2015). Demand for Low Fare Service in Asia-Pacific Region Liang (2012) mentioned that the income level in most of the Asian countries is way much lower than the income level of North America and Europe. Besides, the availability of the alternative transportation is comparatively higher in the Asia Pacific region. The airline industry confronts strong completion from the high speed rail as the rail fare is much lower than the fare in airlines. Jeddi et al. (2014) added in this context that small percentage of Asian travelers tends to utilize more expensive airlines. Further, it has been mentioned that the Asian consumers are more cost sensitive than the consumers of North America and Europe. The Asia travelers are highly attracted by the low fare transportation and thus the demand for low fare service in this specific region is way much higher in comparison with those two regions (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Furthermore, Mutum Ghazali (2014) stated that the modern technology changes the ways of leading life. The percentage of internet users increases rapidly across the world. However, the Asian consumers are still limited in full potential utilization of internet resources. They are highly dependent on the middle man and travel agents. Before the low fare airlines services in Asian Pacific region, the middle income and low income groups could not ever think to use airline services. These are the reason that the airline industry applied low price strategy (Francis, 2012). The low fare airline services enhance the demand for the airline services in this specific region. Further, the airline industry in Asia targets the customers who would not use their service if the price is higher (Pauka, 2015). This is the prime reason that the demand for lower fare service is comparatively higher in the Asian Pacific region than the North America and Europe. AirAsias Generic Strategy As per the discussion of Kamisan King (2013), AirAsia tries to emulate efficient operational strategies of Ryanair and successful people-oriented strategies of Southwest. It is important to note that the Southwest and Ryanair adapted the specific strategies to differentiate themselves in the American and European markets. In these specific markets, large number of lost cost service providers is present and thus it created the airline industry highly competitive. These strategies helped them to acquire competitive advantages and this is the reason that AirAsia imitate these strategies. AirAsia is similar with Ryanair and Southwest in terms of operational and people oriented strategies. However, some factors are there based on which the AirAsias generic strategy can be differentiated with the strategies of other incumbent carriers and the strategies of Ryanair and Southwest as well. Majumdar (2015) defined the generic strategy as the cost minimization, product differentiation and market focus strategy. Jeddi et al. (2014) elaborated that the cost leadership strategy of AirAsia led them to increase their revenue and profit by reducing the operational cost. Along with that, they charge industry-average price for their service which is the largest difference between their strategy and the strategies of other incumbent carriers. Besides, the company increased their market share by charging lower price. In this context, it is essential to mention that still they are able to make reasonable profit in each sale because they reduced the cost of the business (Yashodha, 2012). Further, the differentiation strategy defines that their prime focus centered on the research, development and innovation which led them to success (Lee Dy, 2015). The differentiation strategy helped them to offer high quality service at lower possible price. Through focusing on the innovative techniques, they are able to enhance the quality of their service. Lastly, through their market focus strategy, they concentrate on the need of the market and develop uniquely low cost service (Birla, 2013). In Asian Pacific region, people are more price sensitive and thus the business adapted low pricing strategy in order to attract more number of travelers (Hongdiyanto, 2012). The generic strategy made them worlds most successful budget airline (Wong, 2014). Role of Fernandes in this Case The case study clears that Fernandes was well aware about the economic and operational uncertainties and risks. Further, the case indicates that Fernandes has played crucial role in the decision making process by considering the differences of this geographic region. When he took over Asia, he has taken professional advices from Conor McCarthy of Ryanair and some other business professionals who have been successfully leading their business. However, Hongdiyanto (2012) discussed that when Fernandes took over AirAsia in the year 2001, the business could led to the failure. Considering an incident, the September 11 attacks lead the air travel downturn. This was the one of the major threat that he has ever faced in the business (Hongdiyanto, 2012). At that time, Fernandes still decided to take risk and relaunch the airline. It has been decided by predicting that the dropping airlift leasing cost and availability of experienced staffs would help them to lead to business towards success ( Hongdiyanto, 2012). Furthermore, form the case study, it has been noticed that Fernandes might have overlooked the area of macro political risks. In this context, it is important to note that major political decisions likely to affect all industries in a country or region. In order to support the statements with an example, it can be stated that several political issues that a number of Asian countries are continuously confronting might spillover effects on the airline industry (Temporal, 2012). It has been found that political instability, discrimination issues, corruption problems, currency fluctuations, and religious turmoil in the Asian Pacific region are the major factors that might affect the airline industry (Temporal, 2012). Entrepreneurial Strategy of Fernandes Following the statement of Steyer (2015), a strong entrepreneurial spirit along with the determination necessary led Fernandes to achieve the purpose of the business. It has been noted that he was insightful, flexible, and responsive to change. This helped him to deal with major challenges and uncertainties. Jeddi et al. (2014) identified the prime entrepreneurial strategies of Fernandes that helped him to make the business 'World's Best Low Cost Airline'. Crucial focus of Fernandes centered on the strategies that include branding, marketing, good grasp of finance, no fear of failure, digital technology, corporate culture and government support. Fernandes placed the branding strategy on the top of their pricing strategy as he believed that only profit is not enough for the success of a business. Along with the branding strategy, it is important to adapt effective marketing policy to make themselves known to the customers. Besides, the personal knowledge about finance and education of Fernandes helped in leading the business (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Apart from all this, the most important strategy is to omitting fear of being failure. This was the reason that he took risk in the most difficult situation and made it successful. The digital technology has been widely incorporated by him in the business that helped them in their operational management (Lee Dy, 2015). The corporate culture along with government support of Asian Pacific region helped Fernandes to bring innovation and apply strategic policies in the business (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). The above discussion clears the fact that Fernandes' entrepreneurial strategy led the business in market position where it is placed today. Response of AirAsia to Challenges As opined by Kamisan King (2013), the core advantage that the business has, is of being first to the market. This gave the competitive advantages in terms of brand image, customer loyalty and government support. Further, AirAsia has the established knowledge of Asian culture that gave them advantage over the potential multinational competitors. AirAsia has the necessary factors which are needed for the business expansion. The business has significant resources, credibility and planning capacity that could help the business to expand their business in the international market before its major competitors (Steyer, 2015). However, the business have not confronted any hitches of bureaucracy, lack of efficiency, stagnant organizational culture and prevalent in incumbent and expensive carriers (Kamisan King, 2013). These would help the business to respond to the challenges of new fare carriers entering in the Asian market and low fare strategies pursued by incumbent carriers. According to Jeddi et al. (2014), the most effective approach of this particular business is to maximize their capitalizing policy rather than creating hostile competition. They should maintain positive relation with the government of Asian Pacific region to neutralize the threat of government (Steyer, 2015). As per my knowledge, it is likely that through maintaining positive relation with the government, AirAsia could maintain their competitive nature strong in the market. Asian Passenger Air Transport Marketplace As per the statement of Studwell (2013), Asian Pacific region is similar with North America and Europe to some extent in terms of business market. As per my knowledge, as new businesses will enter in the existing market to offer low price services, the market becomes more competitive in nature. As a result, the consumers' perspectives, their decisions and choices will be fluctuated and thus the business of AirAsia will be affected (Kamisan King, 2013). As the Asian travelers are more price conscious, they do not stick into their loyalty, rather they would be attracted by the services which is offered at lower prices (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Some lessons can be drawn from American and European region. Temporal (2012) mentioned that some promotional tools may be incorporated and applied to keep their position and reputation unaffected. Further, it would help to maintain good customer relationship and customer loyalty as well. These promotional tools include mileage accumulation, frequent and timely scheduled, and more availability of routes (Temporal, 2012). Through including wide range of locations in their service, they would able to acquire competitive advantages and attract more customers. From North American and Europe experience, it can be learnt that sooner implementation would help to obtain competitive advantages. The profitability of AirAsia attracts more businesses which may enter soon and apply the same strategies which have been applied by the business (Yashodha, 2012). Furthermore, the number of Asian travelers also increases, that competition in the Asian pacific region will be increased more. Thus, it is a dvisable that AirAsia should incorporate these promotional tools sooner than rather than waiting for the later applications (Kamisan King, 2013). My Assessment From the case study, it has been found that AirAsia has proven that they had the ability to operate the budget airline successfully. They should enhance their ability their ability as well as capital by expanding their business in the similar business market such as China, Australia, India, and Europe. Through expanding their business market, not only they would be able to earn more profit, but also able to generate sustainable competitive advantages. In the present situation, it is expected that the competition would be increased to a larger extent. Thus, it is important for AirAsia to apply new strategic policies to maintain their position in the world airline business. However, it is essential to note that the business environment of other countries would be differed than the environment where it is operating now. Thus, AirAsia should identify the markets where they would confront less risk and more opportunity to enhance their business. Effective policies and strategies would hel p to acquire more competitive advantages over its existing as well as probable competitors. Apart from this, it is expected that customer loyalty might be hampered due to the new entrants. As the new business would offer low price services, the travelers of the Asian Pacific region would be attracted. However, it is important to note that if the new services would be provided at lower prices in comparison with AirAsia, then AirAsia could confront strong competition. This might shake out current business position of the company. Thus, it is suggested that the company should expand their business in new markets. Reference List Birla, M. (2013).Unleashing Creativity and Innovation: Nine Lessons from Nature for Enterprise Growth and Career Success. John Wiley Sons. Francis, L. (2012). Buy and diversify: AirAsia looks to raise cash via IPOs and launch'a few more airlines' in next six months.Aviation Week Space Technology,174(39). Hongdiyanto, C. (2012). Study Of AirAsia; World's Best Low-Cost Airline. Proceeding. Innovation In Technology, Information, And Management Concerning Worldwide Economic ChallengeVol. 5, February 2012ISSN: 1978-774X-International Seminar On Industrial Engineering and Management (ISIEM). Jeddi, A. R., Renani, N. G., Khademi, A., Shokri, V., Noordin, M. Y. (2014). Low-Cost Strategy Factors in Airline Industry: The AirAsia Case. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 845, pp. 652-657). Trans Tech Publications. Kamisan, A. P., King, B. E. (2013). Transactional and transformational leadership: A comparative study of the difference between Tony Fernandes (Airasia) and Idris Jala (Malaysia Airlines) leadership styles from 2005-2009.International Journal of Business and Management,8(24), 107. Lee, J. W., Dy, M. (2015). Mitigating Effective ControlRestriction on Joint Venture Airlines in Asia: Philippine AirAsia Case.Air and Space Law,40(3), 231-253. Liang, C. W. (2012). An exploratory study on Airasias critical internal success factors: a resource-based view of sustainable competitive advantage of low-cost airline business model. Majumdar, S. (2015). Michael Porter's Generic Strategy of Cost Leadership-Pertinent Issues.The MA Journal,50(2), 37-42. Mutum, D. S., Ghazali, E. M. (2014). Case Study 14: Air Asia: Using Social Media to Reach Out to New Customers. InMarketing Cases from Emerging Markets(pp. 143-147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pauka, C. (2015). Learning from success.MHD Supply Chain Solutions,45(2), 6. Roy, A. M. (2014). Air Asia: what has made it Asia's largest budget airline?.Academy of Taiwan business management review,10(3), 28-32. Steyer, D. F. (2015). Brand Engagement Ceo Airasia Tony Fernandes Saat Krisis Merek: Studi Kasus Insiden Airasia QZ8501.Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Bakrie,3(03). Stockport, G. J. (2012). AirAsiaflying high.International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business,4(3-4), 324-333. Studwell, J. (2013).How Asia works: Success and failure in the world's most dynamic region. Grove/Atlantic, Inc.. Temporal, P. (2012).Asia's star brands. John Wiley Sons. Wong, W. M. (2014). AirAsia's Application of the'Thirty-Six Stratagems'.Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences,13(1). Yashodha, Y. (2012). AirAsia Berhad: Strategic analysis of a leading low cost carrier in the Asian region.Elixir International Journal of Management Arts,51, 11164-11171.

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay Example For Students

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos. Through these, he wishes to make a condemning comment on the society around him particularly the upper class, the education system, the judiciary system and at the same time illustrate the loss of significance of religion in that society. Although Waugh makes fun of these institutions, he does not offer or suggest a moral code by which these should operate. His prime aim is to simply make a comment and make people aware of the vulgarity and irrationality of society. Throughout the whole book the style is split between objective commentary and emotional character dialogue. The contrast of the strict and tight wording of the narration and the ridiculousness of the events it is describing is incongruous which creates humour. The narration in the beginning of chapter Eight The Sports is humours because it is so detailed to the extent that it becomes ridiculous: It was the colour of indelible ink on blotting paper, and was ornamented at the waist with flowers of emerald green and pink. The strange imagery of blotting paper and the triviality of the subject at hand does not deserve such elevated language, but the fact that Waugh gave it so much attention makes it humorous. The incongruity here suggests overall ridiculousness of the events that are taking place, namely the sports day, which then relates to Fagans running of the school. The book is in three parts: the first concentrates on the contemporary public school system. In this part of the novel Waugh ridicules the incompetence, shallowness and moral decadence of public schools. In the Notice of Vacancy, Fagan tells applicants to enclose copies of testimonials and photographs, if advisable. This seeming made up joke was actually taken from a real advertisement for a teaching post. By associating this ridiculous request with Fagan, the head of Llanabba Castle, Waugh gives the impression that Fagan is an irresponsible, inexperienced and light minded headmaster. It is ironical that a public school should be run by such an incompetent man. These traits do not make a good headmaster as readers see later, at the sports day, when Fagan makes every effort to make a spectacle of the event, while ignoring all values traditionally associated with sports day, such as sportsmanship, honesty and honour. He passed on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pennyfeather, if you would with tact direct the photographer so that more prominence was given to Mrs Beste-Chetwyndes Hispano Suiza than to Lady Circumferences little motor car, I think it would e all to the good. By letting Fagan worry about petty things like that, Waugh again uses irony to mock Fagan and his running of the school. Another technique Waugh uses is innuendo. This is particularly effective when the subject at hand is especially taboo, such is the case with the relationship between Captain Grimes and Clutterbuck. There is an implied sexual relationship between the two. : You cant keep me in. Im taking a walk with Captain Grimes' Paedophilia in Waughs time was a most taboo topic but Waugh raises the issue in Decline and Fall and associates both the older and younger participants in the relationship to Llanabba Castle School. The use of innuendo to describe the paedophilic nature of their relationship here then only discredits the schools moral values. Waugh also uses bathos to mock and ridicule in the novel. Prendergast, the clergyman at the school, suffers from doubts about his religion. He is therefore where he is; teaching religion at Llanabba Castle. : I asked my bishop; he didnt know. He said that he didnt think the point really arose as far as my practical duties as a parish priest were concerned. If Prendergast has lost his faith in the religion he is supposed to teach, then certainly he is unsuitable to teach it. .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postImageUrl , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:visited , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active { border:0!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Class An Inspector Calls EssayPrendergast also becomes drunk at the sports day and shoots a boy in his foot. Even after the shooting Prendergast does not realise his wrongdoing, instead he says: First blood to me! However, Fagan keeps him as a teacher, and this clearly shows a collapse in values, and hints at the loss of significance of religion in schools at least. Waugh cleverly uses the names of characters to satirise their personalities. Paul is supposed to be easily pushed around, and light in his self defence, and is thus called Pennyfeather. Margot manipulates and lies to people to achieve her aims, and is therefore called Beste-Chetwynde, which in Irish is pronounced Best-Cheating. Digby-Vane Trumpinton can only suggest vainity and lack of purpose. Dr Fagans name echoes Fagin who keeps a school of boy pickpockets in Dickens Oliver Twist. This allusion further underlines Fagans corrupt teaching ways at Llanabba Castle. Waugh also mocks Welsh culture by giving Welsh cities and land marks names simply impossible to pronounce, such as Llanabba and Cymbrggpade. Waugh also utilises litotes to taunt the upper classes, especially Grimes and Margot Beste-Chetwynde. Grimes describes himself as being in the soup and he seems to be in quite serious trouble. However, he remains calm and collected, saying that hell get out of it, simply because hes a public school man: they might kick you out, but theyll never leave you behind. And with his connection to his former public school, he has escaped execution and imprisonment. There is definitely a corrupt system here which is making the law a mere joke. Margot describes her business in South America simply as an Entertainment company. But the readers know its much more than just entertainment. Paul however does not see this, and agrees to go to Marsailles for Margot who obviously knows that this is a very dangerous trip to give the right man a few hundred francs to sort out business. The use of euphemism tricks Paul into thinking that its simply paying a man his wages, but it is in fact a rather large sum of bribery and breaking the law quite severely. This episode adds to the mocking of Pauls naivety and Margots coldness in using those around her for her corrupt benefit. Waugh uses paradox to illustrate the failure of the prison system. The chapter titles Stone walls do not a prison make and nor iron bars a cage simply mock the dysfunction of prisons. Grimes climbs onto a horse and easily escapes from prison and eludes police. Obviously something is wrong when a man can escape from prison so easily. Paul doesnt find prison life bad at all, rather he finds it relaxing and better than the lifestyle he had while living with Margot Beste-Chetwynde. This compounded with the fact that a mad man managed to commit an atrocious murder inside the prison clearly shows that imprisonment isnt working as it is supposed to. In Decline and Fall Waugh uses many different techniques to illustrate his themes. Incongruity, litotes and bathos all contribute to satirising aspects of society. In the end he does not propose an ideal code of honour to direct change, but his listing of moral deficiency in the educational system and the upper classes demands reform. Some readers might even identify themselves with characters in the novel and begin the path to change.

Air And Water Essays - Energy Economics, Energy Conversion

Air And Water A major transition in the modern energy age began in the 1970s, when the big nation's industry started to grow up rapidly. The use of oil was very important and overnight, oil prices shot through the roof, and the trend of ever-cheaper, ever-more-plentiful energy sources were in need. Another player on the modern energy stage is nuclear power. An industry that didn't exist 40 years ago is now at a huge amount of production, producing 20 percent of the nation's electricity. Ironically, the industry is fading out. New orders ceased 20 years ago, and as aging plants reach the end of their lives, they are closing, one by one. All the non-renewable energy resources have positive and negative affects to the nature. However Nuclear Energy is the most dangerous one, as we can see what happened in Chernobyl in 1986, and it is dangerous if the nations use Nuclear Energy to kill people like at the end of the world war. It is not a dream to think of solar power that is cheap enough for universal use a world full of zero-polluting electric cars. Wide-scale use of fuel cells for powering buses and other forms of public transport. "Chicago and Vancouver are two cities which have pilot programs using fuel cells to power some of their public transport buses. Use of fossil fuels confined to petro-chemical products and fuel cell feedstock. Nuclear fusion or some other advanced nuclear process, supplying all base load power." (Solar) Also, there is continued interest and research into fusion power. Since fusion generates temperatures of millions of degrees, the main difficulty in developing fusion power has been in containing the heat of the reaction. Fusion is an expensive source of energy right now, but it might cost much cheaper in the near future. It is not very hard to guess that in the near future, all the energy sources will be much cheaper. The technology is changing almost everyday, it was not possible to dream internet ten years ago. Who can guess that what will be happen in the next ten years? But for sure non-renewable energy resources will not be renewed when all of them are used. We always used resources from the nature, now it is time to create our own resources that we can keep the earth and all the organic materials clean. The most green energy resource is solar energy right now and it is very cheap to get heat from the sunlight.

Social Conflict Notes Essay Example

Social Conflict Notes Essay Example Social Conflict Notes Essay Social Conflict Notes Essay Thinking Sociologically From: Will Keenan Social Conflict Perspective Discussion Themes: Conflict: Positive Negative Aspects Is society inherently, inevitably and universally ‘conflictual’? 1. When is conflict ever productive of social benefits? 2. Identify areas of social conflict that have wider ethical significance. Further Readings Follow-Up: Articles by: David F. Walsh Structure/Agency, pp. 8-33; Fran Tonkiss continuity/Change, pp. 34-48; and Don Slater Needs/Wants, pp. 315-28. in Jenks, Chris (ed. ) (1998) Core Sociological Dichotomies (Sage), Making Notes Look up the SUBJECT INDEX of Jenks (ed. ) and at least 1 Introductory Textbook/Encyclopaedia/Dictionary in Sociology and make notes under the following themes: basic Marxism; social conflict; social change; interests; power The Conflict Perspective: Key Ideas: In this view ‘Society’ is regarded as a scene of fundamental conflict between opposing interest groups. These conflicting interests may be based on: social class; race and ethnicity; gender and sexual orientation; disability; age, religion, cultural taste etc. There is no consensus other than a manipulated and manufactured one serving the dominant social groups’ interests. Society has no set purpose and no overarching goals outside these struggles for dominance and privilege. Key Names: Marx, Althusser, Gramsci, Poulantzas, Milliband, Stuart Hall Debates: KEY CONCEPTS FUNCTIONALISM vs MARXISM ORDER vs CONFLICT STABILITY vs CHANGE NEEDS vs INTERESTS CONSENSUS vs DISSENSUS INTEGRATION vs DIVISION HARMONY vs STRUGGLE ‘Big Guns’ Key Names: Marx(ists), Althusser, Gramsci, Poulantzas, Stuart Hall etc Frankfurt School: Marcuse, Adorno, Habermas, Critical Theorists Radical Feminism from Simone de Bouvoir to bell hooks Core elements of the ‘Marxian’ CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE Social class based on economic ownership is the key to power in society Class conflict is the source of all social power, social change and progress A ruling class and its subject classes are engaged in exploitative social relationships Class consciousness and False Consciousness characterize social life Alienation is the condition of exploited classes under capitalism Economic base (or infrastructure) and Political / Ideological superstructure Some Further Ideas Althusser employs the following key ideas: Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) mass media; education? Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs) Hegemony Gramsci refers to ‘organic intellectuals’ Stuart Hall: the importance of culture CRITIQUE Unscientific (the Faith of Marxism Popper) Conspiracy theory (especially aimed at Instrumental Marxists) Communism does not appear imminent Left Functionalism (Jock Young: argues most Marxism is little more than form of Functionalism that replaces interests of society with ruling class). Subjective beliefs and interpretations of individuals ignored (Weber) Economic determinism Forms of (non-economic) conflict (gender, ethnic group) ignored in favour of economic conflicts Key Critics Popper, Weber, Dahrendorf, New Left ‘Idealism’ New Right Theorists Sociobiologists Radical Feminists Postmodernists Conflict and Change †¦ Order/Conflict Practical Activity Break into groups of 4 or 5 persons Identify a Spokesperson for Feedback Select ANY 2 THEMES on the handout list See if you can briefly identify the ORDER and the CONFLICT potential of your 2 themes. It would be great if groups chose at least 1 theme that was different from that of other groups TASK 1:- Consider any TWO of the following themes and identify aspects of social order and social conflict: Themes WAR RACE/ETHNICITY GENDER/SEXUALITY RELIGION AGE STYLE TASTE SPORT Task 2:- The ‘Peace in the Feud’ Principle IDENTIFY ‘DUAL’ ASPECTS of and consider opportunities for SOCIAL COOPERATION – i. Sports ii. Neighbours iii. Social Classes iv. Nations

Auditing and Assurance Service in Australia Essay

Auditing and Assurance Service in Australia - Essay Example This over extraction also may hamper the ground support system of the mine. Here overproduction also signifies that there is a huge lack of communication and interaction between the smelting division and the mining division. In fact it the problem with the entire company where signals are not present about the amount to be produced and how much amount of ore to be mined each time period. The second major risk that the division is currently having is the inability to gel with the acquired companies. As a result of this there is redundancy in operation as well as in costs incurred. These redundancies hurt more when the market is down for the ore. The business could fall drastically if the entire mining division is not centralized and integrated. The repeated processes of transferring the ores to the internal and external divisions are taking the cost component upwards. This is one of the major painful areas in the division. An ideal system would demand a proper coordination among the s hafts, and well assigned targets of productions should be given to the individual shafts. These shafts should not be made liable for the sales of the ores; rather it would be the central sales department who would have knowledge about the production requirement of the smelting departments, the foreign and the local customer demands. According to the demands production planning should be done, not the other way round. For this to happen, the mining stores of different shafts should be integrated. This brings us to the third level of risk the division has. The stores of the different shafts are not connected and no computer data base is maintained for the amount of stocks that the division is holding. The sales department to have a better knowledge about the amount of stocks that are with the different shafts should introduce a new IT package for store keeping. A proper communication flow can be maintained between the shafts and the  sales department if proper information is availab le in both the ends.  

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Presentation - Essay Example Though their disillusion with the government hugely influences their active participation into the voting process they are not totally disinterested as shown in 2012 election where two-third had backed Obama! It is not as though the young people do not take part in the political activities or have strong opinion about burning social issues. They support gay marriage, want to legalize abortion and of course, want the drinking age to be lowered. Even though the authenticity of the chart is not established, the information does give insight into the general interests of the young people. Their concern can be accurately gauged from survey result that stress that youngsters are of the view that 57% want smaller government, fewer services and lower tax. At the same time, 66% think government runs programs which are inefficient and wasteful! So when students and the young people reel under the burden of student loan with little employment opportunities, their dislike for the politics is

Environmental Management Review of Dell Case Study

Environmental Management Review of Dell - Case Study Example The author of this research paper begins with the history of the company. Michael Dell founded the company when he was a 19 year old student at the University of Texas in Austin. He used a basic model: selling PCs to the final customer and built them to users’ specifications. Dell Computer still does it today, the so-called build-to-order scheme, although with some modifications. He started with telephone sales using IBM compatible PCs, and then assembling and selling his own brand. This model provided a 24-hour hotline for complaints and guaranteed immediate shipment of replacement parts, that is, 24- to 48-hour shipment. The improvements in design and production processes have helped Dell cut the estimated production cycle time for a desktop computer – from beginning of the build process to placement on a delivery truck – to 7 hours (McWilliams, 1997, cited in Kraemer et al, 1999:11). At its newest Austin plant, named Metri 12, sometimes a PC can be built, software installed and tested, and everything packed in a box for shipping within 5 hours (Ramstad, 1997, cited in Kraemer, 5). The customization that occurs in production is carried over to sales and service. For instance, Dell installs custom software on the machines that it builds for corporate customers. It also maintains an inventory of its customers. It seeks to lower the total cost of ownership for its corporate customers by helping them manage their PC inventories and offering technologies that reduce the cost of hardware and software maintenance in networks. (Dell outlines strategy, 1997). The company applies the principles of resource savings through the following strategies: Recycling Dell recycles unwanted Dell-branded products for free, and reduces impact to the environment through selling refurbished system. This saves money for the customer and lessens the amount of new materials used, while still keeping warranties from Dell. Old PCs, printers, software, modems and other such devices considered separate components, can be donated to charity organizations and foundations, through the company. The National Cristina Foundation and Dell have partnered to provide computer technology to people with disabilities, students at risk and economically disadvantaged persons. Combined with training, this program enables them to lead more productive lives. (Dell website) Dell designs and engineers its products to prevent pollution and conserve natural resources throughout the system's life, achieving environmental responsiveness in tandem with sound business management. Reducing the environmental impact of Dell products begins at the design stage as cross-functional product design teams work to make thoughtful and effective decisions that will have positive environmental results throughout the equipment's life cycle. (Dell website: Environment) Environmental responsibility goals Recycle or reuse 99 percent of waste from manufacturing operations by 2012. Further reduce carbon intensity by 15 percent by 2012 (based on 2006 levels). Improve average score from the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System by 2012. Design for the environment Dell pledged to eliminate brominated flame retardants and polyvinyl chloride from new product designs by 2009 that will force widespread changes in

Good Morning Vietnam And Apocalypse Now Comparison Film Studies Essay

Good Morning Vietnam And Apocalypse Now Comparison Film Studies Essay In the film Good Morning, Vietnam Adrian Cronauer is described, who arrives in Saigon in 1965 to take the place of a disc jockey at the local military station.  He immediately turns upside down the boring routine radio into the exquisite rock and roll, and adds a sharp sense of humor, becoming a legend among the soldiers, and a headache for authorities.  In his spare time from the radio shows, Adrian meets with Vietnamese girls, drinking beer and having fun, but only until the moment when he leaves the restaurant and it explodes.  He realizes that Vietnam is not a resort, there is a war where people are dying, and about which he is strictly forbidden to speak on the radio because of strict censorship.  He tries to tell the truth, but gets an advice at first not to spoil the format, and then he is sent home.  Adrian is leaving, but on the way to the aircraft he no longer sees the funny guys, but those, who will die soon The main plotline of the movie Apocalypse Now is the story of Special Forces of Captain Willard, who was sent to the jungles of Cambodia to eliminate the insane Colonel Kurtz, who commands a detachment of local residents and accused of killing several Vietnamese.  During the trip to Willard occurred a lot of strange events, and under the influence of the environment he is the closer to the goal of gradually losing the sense of reality and ceases to understand what to do next.  Many critics believe that the film, as Joseph Conrads novella, takes the viewer deep into the human psyche, and the war is only a backdrop for the manifestation of those human qualities that usually do not lie on the surface. And the film Good Morning, Vietnam describes Vietnam in 1965 yet relaxing resort with hot sun, beautiful girls and freely by the service.  But one morning there is a deafening explosion Adrian Cronauer immediately became the enemy of high officials.  And indeed, the humorist with the jokes and unpredictable behavior is a real threat to military discipline. But when on the radio there is heard his famous greeting Good Morning, Vietnam!, it seems that in this sunny country will never come the night The movie Apocalypse Now after its premiere in 1979 caused many conflicting responses from the audience some enthusiastically praised the movie, while others showered it with abuse.  Some critics wrote that the movie is too pretentious, others said that the film ends unclearly.  On the other hand, Roger Ebert, who declared Apocalypse Now the best film of 1979 and added it to your list of great films, wrote: Apocalypse Now is the best film about Vietnam, and one of the greatest ever filmed, because he moves much farther than everyone else in the dark corners of human soul. It is not so much about the war, but about how the war drags on the surface of a truth about the people that they would prefer to never know. As a fact, the film Good Morning, Vietnam received the awards, such as Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) -to Robin Williams, the film was also nominated for an Oscar in the category Best Actor (Robin Williams) and a nominee for British Academy of Film, in the categories of Best Actor (Robin Williams), and Best Sound. And a film Apocalypse Now received such awards as Cannes Film Festival: Grand Prize (Golden Palm), 1979; Oscar for Best Cinematography, 1980; Oscar for best sound, 1980; Golden Globe Award for Best Director (Francis F. Coppola), 1980; Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor (Robert Duvall), 1980, and Golden Globe Award for best music for the film (Carmine Coppola and Francis F. Coppola), 1980. The film Apocalypse Now became widely known in the press long before its release due to the long and difficult process of filming.  Coppolas wife Eleanor later wrote a book that talked about how the film was shot, and she also participated in the creation of the documentary film Heart of Darkness: Apocalypse movie maker, which tells about the making of the film. Both films Apocalypse Now and Good Morning, Vietnam have described the Vietnam War from different angles. These films have common stories lines and different views and understanding of the details of the war. Both films show the sad reality of the war, despite the fact that the directors use the different approaches to describe the war.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: English Literature:

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein looks at the consequences of mans attempts to meddle in the creation of life. In the 21st century, with its scientific and technological advancements does her story still have an important message for humankind? Steven Foster Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' looks at the consequences of mans attempts to meddle in the creation of life. In the 21st century, with its scientific and technological advancements does her story still have an important message for humankind? In Frankenstein Mary Shelley is trying to convey many messages, but the most important one of these is that it is not man's business to do the jobs of the gods which is why Victor Frankenstein tells his story in the first place. I believe that it is still worth hearing this message as we are doing the same thing again; we have the technology to create a human being from scratch and nearly enough to choose what it looks like. Only the other day for example on the news they were showing how scientists could choose the sex of a baby. Mary Shelley intended the book as a warning, the story was told within the book as a warning and it was as if Victor Frankenstein was telling the story to the people of the time. The reason she wrote the book in the form of a warning was because at the time many sudden advancements led people to believe that they would soon understand and be able to create life. This did not happen but in our time we are realistically close to being able to do these things so the warning is still relevant as it talks about issues that haven't happened yet. Most of the characters in the book are there to fulfill a purpose, Robert Walton is in the book so that Frankenstein can warn someone about the dangers of pursuing a dream and so he can tell the story "learn from me, if not by my precepts, then at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native village to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow". The monster is in the book to be the result of an experiment as in the above analogy would be the killer bees who were designed to create more honey than ordinary bees who then escaped and have wiped out all other types of bees, like the monster who was intended to be the first of a new race "A new species would bless me as their creator" This quote

Cjs 210 Week 6 Checkpoint

Reactive Patrol CJS/210 January 17, 2012 Michael Catanzarita Reactive Patrol As I read chapter seven â€Å"Patrol and Traffic â€Å", I learn that a reactive patrol is a form of random patrol. Random patrol is said to be incident driven, or reactive, in that officers are responding to crimes only after they occur, either through rapid response to calls for service or to a violation or call in progress. Due to officer constantly moving it makes responding to these 911 calls easier and faster to respond. The specific activities an officer engages in while on random patrol vary significantly across officers, times, locations, and departments, because much of the time spent on patrol is officer initiated (Grant & Terry, 2008). I also learned about proactive patrol which is known as a Directed patrol. A direct patrol focuses more on targeted hot spots, crime problems, and/or offenders. Directed patrol addresses the problem-identification component of the problem solving process (Grant & Terry, 2008). Sometimes a directed patrol can occur on an informal level; this may be when an officer regularly drives past hot spots during random wanderings or parking the squad car in a specific location when writing reports are examples of an informal level. If policing agencies adopted only one of these patrol styles it would be harder to have police discretion. The condition of officer’s reaction to certain responds would change. If there was only reactive patrol officers would never be able to try to stop crimes before they happen. It would be wonderful to be able to stop all crimes before they happen but in all actuality we know this is not possible and that is why we need reactive and proactive patrol to keep our streets safe. Reference Grant, H. B. , & Terry, K. J. (2008). Law Enforcement. Patrol and Traffic, 7(Chapter 7), 171-172.

Chemistry Vocabulary - Definitions of Chemistry Terms

Chemistry Vocabulary - Definitions of Chemistry Terms This is a list of important chemistry vocabulary terms and their definitions. A more comprehensive list of chemistry terms can be found in my alphabetical chemistry glossary. You can use this vocabulary list to look up terms or you can make flashcards from the definitions to help learn them. absolute zero - Absolute zero is 0K. It is the lowest possible temperature. Theoretically, at absolute zero, atoms stop moving. accuracy - Accuracy is a measure of how close a measured value is to its true value. For example, if an object is exactly a meter long and you measure it as 1.1 meters long, that is more accurate than if you measured it at 1.5 meters long. acid - There are several ways to define an acid, but they include any chemical that gives off protons or H in water. Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn the pH indicator phenolphthalein colorless and turn litmus paper red. acid anhydride - An acid anhydride is an oxide that forms an acid when it is reacted with water. For example, when SO3- is added to water, it becomes sulfuric acid, H2SO4. actual yield - The actual yield is the amount of product you actually obtain from a chemical reaction, as in the amount you can measure or weigh as opposed to a calculated value. addition reaction - An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond. alcohol - An alcohol is any organic molecule that has an -OH group. aldehyde - An aldehyde is any organic molecule that has a -COH group. alkali metal s of alkali metals include lithium, sodium, and potassium. alkaline earth metal s of alkaline earth metals are magnesium and calcium. alkane - An alkane is an organic molecule that only contains single carbon-carbon bonds. alkene - An alkene is an organic molecule that contains at least one CC or carbon-carbon double bond. alkyne - An alkyne is an organic molecule that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. allotrope - Allotropes are different forms of a phase of an element. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. alpha particle - An alpha particle is another name for a helium nucleus, which contains two protons and two neutrons. Its called an alpha particle in reference to radioactive (alpha) decay. amine - An amine is an organic molecule in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia have been replaced by an organic group. An example of an amine is methylamine. base - A base is a compound that produces OH- ions or electrons in water or that accepts protons. An example of a common base is sodium hydroxide, NaOH. beta particle - A beta particle is an electron, although the term is used when the electron is emitted in radioactive decay. binary compound - A binary compound is one made up of two elements. binding energy - Binding energy is the energy that holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. bond energy - Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break one mole of chemical bonds. bond length - Bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms that share a bond. buffer - A liquid that resists change in pH when an acid or base is added. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. An example of a buffer is acetic acid and sodium acetate. calorimetry - Calorimetry is the study of heat flow. Calorimetry may be used to find the heat of reaction of two compounds or the heat of combustion of a compound, for example. carboxylic acid - A carboxylic acid is an organic molecule containing a -COOH group. An example of a carboxylic acid is acetic acid. catalyst - A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction or speeds it up without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions. cathode - A cathode is the electrode which gains electrons or is reduced. In other words, it is where reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell. chemical equation - A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reaction, including what reacts, what is produced, and which direction(s) the reaction proceeds. chemical property - A chemical property is a property that can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Flammability is an example of a chemical property, since you cant measure how flammable a substance is without igniting it (making/breaking chemical bonds). covalent bond - A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons. critical mass - Critical mass is the minimum quantity of radioactive material needed to cause a nuclear chain reaction. critical point - The critical point is the endpoint of the liquid-vapor line in a phase diagram, past which a supercritical liquid forms. At the critical point, the liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable from one another. crystal - A crystal is an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions, atoms, or molecules. Most crystals are ionic solids, although other forms of crystals exist. delocalization - Delocalization is when electrons become free to move all over a molecule, such as when double bonds occur on adjacent atoms in a molecule. denature - There are two common meanings for this in chemistry. First, it can refer to any process used to make ethanol unfit for consumption (denatured alcohol). Second, denaturing can mean breaking down the three-dimensional structure of a molecule, such as a protein is denatured when exposed to heat. diffusion - Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. dilution - Dilution is when a  solvent is added to a solution, making it less concentrated. dissociation - Dissociation is when a chemical reaction breaks a compound into two or more parts. For example, NaCl dissociates into Na and Cl- in water. double displacement reaction - A double displacement or double replacement reaction is when cations of two compounds switch places. effusion - Effusion is when a gas moves through an opening into a low-pressure container (e.g., is drawn by a vacuum). Effusion occurs more quickly than diffusion because additional molecules arent in the way. electrolysis - Electrolysis is using electricity to break the bonds in a compound to break it apart. electrolyte - An electrolyte is an ionic compound that dissolves in water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in water, while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate or break apart in water. enantiomers - Enantiomers are molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other. endothermic - Endothermic describes a process that absorbs heat. Endothermic reactions feel cold. endpoint - The endpoint is when a titration is stopped, typically because an indicator has changed color. The endpoint need not be the same as the equivalence point of a titration. energy level - An energy level is a possible value of energy that an electron can have in an atom. enthalpy - Enthalpy is a measure of the amount of energy in a system. entropy - Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. enzyme - An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction. equilibrium - Equilibrium occurs in reversible reactions when the forward rate of the reaction is the same as the reverse rate of the reaction. equivalence point - The equivalence point is when the solution in a titration is completely neutralized. It is not the same as the endpoint of a titration because the indicator may not change colors precisely when the solution is neutral. ester - An ester is an organic molecule with a R-CO-OR function group. excess reagent - Excess reagent is what you get when there is leftover reagent in a chemical reaction. excited state - An excited state is a higher energy state for an electron of an atom, ion, or molecule, compared with the energy of its ground state. exothermic - Exothermic describes a process that gives off heat. family - A family is a group of elements sharing similar properties. It is not necessarily the same thing as an element group. For example, the chalcogens or oxygen family consists of some different elements from the nonmetal group. Kelvin - Kelvin is a unit of temperature. A Kelvin is equal in size to a degree Celsius, although Kelvin starts from absolute zero. Add 273.15 to a Celsius temperature to get the Kelvin value. Kelvin is not reported with a  ° symbol. For example, you would simply write 300K not 300 °K. ketone - A ketone is a molecule that contains a R-CO-R functional group. An example of a common ketone is acetone (dimethyl ketone). kinetic energy - Kinetic energy is energy of motion. The more an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. lanthanide contraction - The lanthanide contraction refers to the trend in which lanthanide atoms become smaller as you move left to right across the periodic table, even though they increase in atomic number. lattice energy - Lattice energy is the amount of energy released when one mole of a crystal forms from its gaseous ions. law of conservation of energy - The law of conservation of energy states the energy of the universe may change form, but its amount remains unchanged. ligand s of common ligands include water, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. mass - Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. It is commonly reported in units of grams. mole - Avogadros number (6.02 x 1023) of anything. node - A node is a location in an orbital with no probability of containing an electron. nucleon - A nucleon is a particle in the nucleus of an atom (proton or neutron). oxidation number The oxidation number is the apparent charge on an atom. For example, the oxidation number of an oxygen atom is -2. period - A period is a row (left to right) of the periodic table. precision - Precision is how repeatable a measurement is. More precise measurements are reported with more significant figures. pressure - Pressure is force per area. product - A product is something made as a result of a chemical reaction. quantum theory - Quantum theory is the description of energy levels and the predictions about the behavior of atoms at specific energy levels. radioactivity - Radioactivity occurs when the atomic nucleus is unstable and breaks apart, releasing energy or radiation. Raoults Law - Raoults Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent. rate determining step - The rate determining step is the slowest step in any chemical reaction. rate law - A rate law is a mathematical expression relating the speed of a chemical reaction as a function of concentration. redox reaction - A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves oxidation and reduction. resonance structure - Resonance structures are the set of Lewis structures that can be drawn for a molecule when it has delocalized electrons. reversible reaction - A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction which can go both ways: reactants make products and products make reactants. RMS velocity - The RMS or root mean square velocity is the square root of the average of the squares of individual velocities of gas particles, which is a way of describing the average speed of gas particles. salt - An ionic compound formed from reacting an acid and a base. solute - The solute is the substance that gets dissolved in a solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids, the solute is the one that is present in a smaller amount. solvent - This is the liquid that dissolves a solute in solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into liquids or into other gases, too. When making a solution where both substances are in the same phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest component of the solution. STP - STP means standard temperature and pressure, which is 273K and 1 atmosphere. strong acid - A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water. An example of a strong acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl, which dissociates into H and Cl- in water. strong nuclear force - The strong nuclear force is the force that holds the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus together. sublimation - Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas. At atmospheric pressure, dry ice or solid carbon dioxide goes directly into carbon dioxide vapor, never becoming liquid carbon dioxide. synthesis - Synthesis is making a larger molecule from two or more atoms or smaller molecules. system - A system includes everything you are evaluating in a situation. temperature - Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. theoretical yield - Theoretical yield is the amount of product which would result if a chemical reaction proceeded perfectly, to completion, with no loss. thermodynamics - Thermodynamics is the study of energy. titration - Titration is a procedure in which the concentration of an acid or base is determined by measuring how much base or acid is required to neutralize it. triple point - The triple point is the temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a substance exist in equilibrium. unit cell - A unit cell is the simplest repeating structure of a crystal. unsaturated - There are two common meanings for unsaturated in chemistry. The first refers to a chemical solution that does not contain all of the solute that can be dissolved in it. Unsaturated also refers to an organic compound which contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. unshared electron pair - An unshared electron pair or lone pair refers to two electrons that arent participating in chemical bonding. valence electron - The valence electrons are the atoms outermost electrons. volatile - Volatile refers to a substance that has a high vapor pressure. VSEPR - VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. This is a theory used that predicts molecular shapes based on the assumption that electrons stay as far as possible from each other. Quiz Yourself Ionic Compound Names QuizElement Symbol Quiz

10 Lead Element Facts (Pb or Atomic Number 82)

10 Lead Element Facts (Pb or Atomic Number 82) Lead is a heavy metal you encounter in everyday life in solder, stained glass windows, and possibly your drinking water. Here are 10 lead element facts. Fast Facts: Lead Element Name: LeadElement Symbol: PbAtomic Number: 82Atomic Weight: 207.2Element Category: Basic Metal or Post-Transition MetalAppearance: Lead is a metallic gray solid at room temperature.Electron Configuration:  [Xe] 4f14  5d10  6s2  6p2Oxidation State: The most common oxidation state is 2, followed by 4. The 3, 1, 1-, 2-, and 4- states also occur. Interesting Lead Element Facts Lead has atomic number 82, which means each lead atom has 82 protons. This is the highest atomic number for the stable elements. Natural lead consists of a mixture of 4 stable isotopes, although radioisotopes also exist. The element name lead comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal.  Its chemical symbol is Pb, which is based on the word plumbum, the old Latin name for lead.Lead is a considered a basic metal or post-transition metal. It is a shiny blue-white metal when freshly cut, but oxidizes to a dull gray in air. It is a shiny chrome-silver when melted. While lead is dense, ductile, and malleable like many other metals, several of its properties are not what one would consider metallic. For example, the metal has a low melting point (327.46  oC)  and is a poor conductor of electricity.Lead is one of the metals that was known to ancient man. It is sometimes called the first metal (although the ancients also knew gold silver, and other metals). Alchemists associated the metal with the planet Saturn and quested for a way to transmute lead into gold. Over half the lead produced today is used in lead-acid car batteries. While lead does occur (rarely) in nature in its pure form, most of the lead produced today comes from recycled batteries. Lead is found in the mineral galena (PbS) and ores of copper, zinc, and silver.  Lead is highly toxic. The element primarily affects the central nervous system. It is particularly dangerous to babies and children, where lead exposure can stunt development. Lead is a cumulative poison. Unlike many toxins, there really is no safe exposure level to lead, even though it is present in many common materials.Lead is the only metal which exhibits zero Thomson effect. In other words, when an electrical current is passed through a sample of lead, heat is neither absorbed nor released.While modern scientists can readily distinguish most elements, it used to be difficult to tell lead and tin apart because the two metals share so many similar properties. So, for a long time the two elements were considered to be different forms of the same metal. The ancient Romans referred to lead as plumbum nigrum, which means black lead. They called tin plumbum candidum, which means bright lead. Wood pencils have never actually contained lead, even though lead is soft enough it could be used for writing. Pencil lead is a type of graphite the Romans called  plumbago, which means act for lead. The name stuck, even though the two materials are different. Lead is, however, related to graphite. Graphite is a form or allotrope of carbon. Lead belongs to the carbon family of elements.There are countless uses for lead. Because of its high corrosion resistance, the ancient Romans used it for plumbing. While this sounds like a dangerous practice, hard water forms scale inside pipes, lessening exposure to the toxic element. Even in modern times, lead solder has been common for welding plumbing fixtures. Lead has been added to gasoline to reduce engine knock, to face paints and paints used for toys and buildings, and even in cosmetics and foods (in the past) to add a sweet flavor. It is used to make stained glass, leaded crystal, fishing sinkers, radiation shields, bullets, scuba weig hts, roofing, ballasts, and statues. While once common as a paint additive and pesticide, lead compounds are less commonly used now because of their lingering toxicity. The sweet taste of the compounds makes them attractive to children and pets. The abundance of lead in the Earths crust is  14 parts per million by weight. The abundance in the solar system is  10 parts per billion by weight.

Bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Bullying - Research Paper Example Bullying is the act of intimidating or influencing someone who is weak in terms of strength, status or experience. According to Harris, Ireland and Forsyth, bullying is a way for the powerful to suppress the weaklings or just express their dominance over them (Harris 302, Ireland 80 & Forsyth 225). What leads to this attitude of the bullies’ and their underlying need to be accepted as superior is a different debate altogether. Bullying is considered as an everyday part of the society, but this does not mean that it should be accepted as a norm by the society. The society and the stakeholders need to counter this issue since those who are victims as well as bullies fall in the age bracket of those categorized as children and are considered as the most important section. The research question that this study sorts to address in this research is â€Å"whether childhood bullying impacts the adult life of the bully as well as the victim?† The hypothesis of the present study is that â€Å"bullying negatively impacts the childhood as well as the adult life of a bully as well as victim†. ... Psychological studies suggest that some children resort to bullying to overcome their fear of non-acceptance (Kostelnik 382). Copeland conducted a research to find out the effects of bullying on adult life and for this, they took a sample of 1420 young people and researched them at two age points 6-11 years and 24-26 years (Copeland 423). The group was classified into the bullies and victims and a third group of people that fell into both the categories, changing from the victim to a bully in adolescent, bully victims. After a comprehensive study, it was revealed that the bullies fared fairly well in their adult life as compared to the victims. The victims were researched to be six times more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders and other health problems as compared to people not involved in bullying or being bullied. Social Development of Bully and Victim In childhood, the effects of being bullied at school, neighborhood or elsewhere can be detected very easily. According to Maudlin, the characteristics of victims of bullying may or may not include â€Å"anxious, insecure, cautious, low self-esteem, defenseless, lower number of friends, experiencing social isolation and relatively newer to a particular school† (Maudlin 31). Since a child is too scared generally to discuss such an experience at the fear of being mocked or victimized again, this becomes an innate experience that eats up the child from the inside. He tends to feels oppressed and low most of the time which results in his retreating nature. The bully, however, is bound to have a dominating nature and a rowdy personality. His lack of regard for other’s feelings is a symptom of his bullying. As the child enters adolescent age, with

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Answer questions - Essay Example Males that are good hunters control their hunting groups and interact a lot with fertile females. The genes for goo hunters get passed on to other generations due to increased possibility of mating with fertile females (Van, pg.198). 2: read page 205 â€Å"The Mother/Infant Bond and Social Learning† and answer the following question: What do the monkeys raised without a mother tell us about the importance of parenting among primates? Are primates purely instinctual, or do they need to learn complex behaviors? Parenting among primates plays a crucial role in shaping the basic skills of the babies. The monkeys that did not grow up with a mother could not interact well with others, and they lacked basic mothering skills towards their young ones. Primates are not purely instinctual, and they need to learn the complex behaviors. The surrogate ‘mothers’ in the story did not provide any practice for the young monkeys to emulate; this letter made them behave negatively towards others (Wrangham, pg. 205). The chimpanzees used the knuckle-walking style of locomotion when on the ground. They mostly utilized the proximal finger joints of their hands while walking on quadrupedal but not the palms of their hands. The chimpanzee in the video portrayed minimal differences between them and other subspecies. Their bodies are more robust build than the bonobos, and they seem to have slight sexual dimorphic features. The grooming handclasp in the video shows that the Chimpanzee live in a fission-fusion society. Like other animals, they move and do their activities in groups mostly because they want to avoid the predators. The group size of the Chimpanzee keeps on changing in size and composition all through the year in addition to their activities

Trouble With The Terrorist Watch List Database Case Study

Trouble With The Terrorist Watch List Database - Case Study Example For example, airlines utilize information provided by the system of TSA in their lists of selectee and NoFly for passengers prescreening, whereas the customs of U.S and protection systems of borders utilize the watch list data to aid passengers entering the US. Efficient and effective management of data resources is increasingly crucial in this case. Similarly, no policy information has been created to demonstrate the rules of spreading, obtaining, standardizing, categorizing, and sharing information as well as information inventorying, (United States, 2008). Administration of data tends to be poor, and governance of data that would assist companies manages data availability, utility, security and integrity are poor. Government regulations would assist enhances privacy, quality of data, government compliance, and security of data. Additionally, quality of data audits and cleansing are extremely required to reduce the irregularities of number of records counts, number of duplicated r ecords, and number of records without data fields and clear origins. 2. Reasons for creation of consolidated terror watch list and the advantages of the list It was established in reaction to criticisms that various agencies of government were keeping separate lists and that such sectors had no consistent process of crucial information sharing about their people on each list of agency.

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay Example for Free

Make and Receive Telephone Calls Essay This unit is about making and receiving telephone calls and transferring calls, when necessary, in a business environment. 1-Understand how to make telephone calls. 1.1Describe the different features of telephone systems and how to use them. Telephone systems have many different features this allows us to handle and manage calls in a professional manner. †¢Call holding- places a caller on hold so you can perform another task. This could be to locate paperwork, find client/customer details, retrieve information from another member of staff or contact another colleague to divert the call along to. †¢Call waiting- lets you know when there is a caller waiting on another line and wishes to speak to you. This is shown by a flashing light, beeping tone or both. †¢Re-directing- are available on telephone systems were you may be required to forward a call to another colleague. Usually the features for re-directing state ‘redirect’ or ‘transfer’. †¢Answer phone- records messages of callers when no one is available to take the call. †¢Teleconferencing- enables more than the ‘caller’ and ‘receiver’ to be involved in a single phone call. There are now often enhanced with the use of a camera and computer. †¢Text messaging- features enable you to send and receive text style messages, alike a mobile phone. 1.2Give reasons for identifying the purpose of a call before making it. Knowing the purpose of a call before making the call is important as the call will sound professional, be concise and you will obtain all the information you require, it may also be useful to have questions you need answering written down and to have any relevant information to hand. By doing this it means the call obtained all the information needed so there shouldn’t be any need for another call to re-ask questions you should have asked in the original phone call. 1.3Describe different ways of obtaining the names and numbers of people that need to be contacted. †¢if a company name is known try searching for number on their website, try calling the company directly to see if anyone can help with your search. †¢If name is known search online phone book or type straight into a search engine such as Google. †¢Enquire within the company to see if anyone has dealt with the person before or if they may know of someone who can help. †¢Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter or Myspace as most people have an account personally or of their business to advertise them. †¢NB- whenever contacting people always clearly state who you are and why you are contacting them. 1.4Describe how to use a telephone system to make contact with people inside and outside an organisation. Inside call- if you know the internal extension number for the person you are trying to contact simply pick up the phone and dial number, if not try calling the department where the person is situated and your call will be transferred. On the possibility you have only been given a name to contact try calling a main reception desk or human resources and see if they can help you locate the person. Outside call- most company phones are set up internally so you have to begin with the phone call with a connection number. Here at UK Waterproofing Solutions Ltd we press ‘9’ before making an outside call as this connects us to an outside line instead of the call being dealt with internally. 1.5Explain the purpose of giving a positive image of self and own organisation with both incoming and outgoing calls. This call may very well be the first contact your company is making with the other company/customer and because it is over the phone there is no face to face meeting and so the person can’t judge you on your image or facial expressions so relaying a positive attitude is essential. It makes the call pleasant and productive, and will leave a good impression of both yourself (as the representative) and of the company you’re calling from. Being rude, abusive, un-helpful or just generally sound un-interested it creates a negative image against yourself and th e company. Whenever you make a call you are your companies representative so it is always important to be as polite and as helpful as possible as this may in turn create more custom for your business. 1.6Explain the purpose of summarising the outcomes of a telephone conversation before ending the call. Summarising is important so both parties involved are sure of the information that has been exchanged, it also ensures all questions are answered fully. For example during a long conversation about several different products your company produces you say â€Å" £5 per unit† but the caller thinks you said â€Å"5 units per  £Ã¢â‚¬  so summarising will prevent misunderstanding and incorrect information being relayed in a different company. Also if the conversation was long some finer details may have been missed simply due to the large amount of information discussed. Some companies have a policy were a courtesy email is sent to the caller in which all the information from the call has been summarised and additional information can be added. 1.7Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. When a call comes into the office always take a name (full if possible and preferably) and the company they are calling from, try and obtain from the caller either what the problem is exactly or from which department the problem arisen from and if they know who within the department they spoke to. Pass message along to department or relevant staff and see what information can be found to resolve the problem. If this is not possible try and locate a member of staff who can help from the information obtained from the caller e.g. company was expecting a cheque in the post over a week ago, locate staff or department that the cheque would have been sent from (most likely accounts department or a project manager/finance manger) if cheque was prepared for posting contact mail room for reference on mail log and when it was sent, if sent possibly cancel cheque as it may have been lost in the post and re-send new cheque. At all times keeping the other company informed on what happened and give them an estimated time of arrival for new cheque. 1.8Describe organisation structures and communication channels within an organisation. †¢Pyramid- staff have a role, shared decision making, specialisation is possible (traditional view of organisation). †¢Entrepreneurial- decisions made centrally (pressure on decision makers) †¢Matrix- staff with specific skills join project teams, individuals have responsibility. †¢Independent- seen in professions where organisations provide support systems and little else. (not suited to most businesses due to lack of control) †¢Channels of communication- communication in organisations follow paths or channels. Communication between managers and subordinates is known as vertical communication this is because the information flows up or down the hierarchy. Channels between departments or functions involve lateral communication. As well as formal channels of communication, information also passes through an organisation informally. Communication is not complete until feedback has been received. (VERTICAL, LATERAL COMMUNICATION) 1.9 Describe how to follow organisational procedures when making a telephone call. Always introduce yourself including name and company you are calling from, if prior know request to talk to the member of staff/department you are calling for. If not explain why you are calling and request help on locating staff that can help. When connected have questions ready or know exactly what information is required. At end summarise call and recap information to check accuracy. 1.10Explain how to report telephone system faults. Being as exact as possible will help the fault be resolved as fast as possible. †¢When did the problem start? †¢How frequent is it happening? †¢What conditions are occurring? †¢Can you restart or reset the equipment? Inform a member of staff of the fault and try contacting service provider for assistance. 2-Understand how to receive and transfer telephone calls. 2.1 Describe how to identify callers and their needs. Sequence Approach Helpful Phrases Phase 1- Clarification of callers needs Identify callers needsStart with open ended question. Active listening Don’t interruptâ€Å"How can I help you?† â€Å"What would you like to know from us?† Clarification of actual situation/facts Ask pertinent questions â€Å"In order to answer your question to the point, I need information about† Sum up request/concernCommunicate that users concerns are taken seriously- there is no such thing as a silly question. â€Å"Did I understand correctly that you would like to know/that you need † â€Å"It makes sense (is understandable) that you want to know this† â€Å"of course it is important for you to understand this† Phase 2- Meeting callers information needs Find out what user knows already What information was previously given? Respect for callers attitude without adopting it.â€Å"To avoid giving you information you may know already: what information about this have you already got?† I understand how you asses this situation† â€Å" Lets’ see what information we have about this† Transition to providing information Initiate giving the information Assess caller’s intake capacity in this specific situation and how information should be tailored to their needs.â€Å"Would you like me to tell you the information we’ve got about this question?† EXAMPLES â€Å"Would you like me to give you an overview at first?† â€Å"Would you like me to get some background information at first?† â€Å"Should I explain first the back ground story?† Providing information Align information to callers questions/concerns Provide small manageable information packages. Encourage caller to ask questions Check back to make sure caller has understood. Offer additional support services. Explain pauses that are caused by searching for information. Pause to allow for more questionsâ€Å"If you have questions in between/don’t understand something at any time please say† Clarification Revise incorrect/not applicable cautiously Clarify own role Build a bridge to other staffâ€Å"I noticed that† â€Å"I would like to point out† â€Å"It may be helpful to discuss this information with other colleagues† Phrase 3- Summing up and closure Conformation Ask if callers needs were met If needs obviously were not met address this fact â€Å"Did I answer your question with the information I gave you?† â€Å"Was this helpful?† â€Å"Is the information you were looking for?† â€Å"Have we discussed everything that you needed to know?† â€Å"Unfortunately we weren’t able to answer your question(s) the way you had expected it. The reason is (explain)† â€Å"But maybe our conversation could show you away† Closure of call Offer to call again â€Å"If you have more questions at a later time/need more information/clarification, feel free to call again anytime† 2.2 Explain the purpose of giving accurate and up-to-date information to callers. Giving in accurate information to callers means when someone calls a company they have done so with the anticipation of getting their question/query promptly and professionally. Having up to date information available in a clear and concise manner will confirm in the callers mind they made a good buying decision or are about to. For example, if a customer called into the office for a price on a liner and I gave them a price based on last years/incorrect prices when they received/picked up the liner and were asked to pay more that I had previously said they would have a poor impression of the company and may not be able to afford or have budgeted for the new higher price for the liner. 2.3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and security when dealing with callers. From a callers point of view they want their personal details kept secure and confidential by showing this when dealing with a caller you are showing them that you can be trusted with their personal information. For your point of view, you need to keep callers personal information private and respect their privacy, or you could be liable for prosecution under the data protection act. 2.4 Describe the types of information that could affect confidentiality and security and how to handle these. If any confidential or information to do with security is given out, then it is causing a threat to others. Types of information that could affect confidentiality and security are peoples personal details, PIN numbers, National Insurance Numbers and account numbers. These can all be kept confidential by not telling anyone them. The Data Protection Act was setup to prevent confidential and security information from being given out and it is breaking the law if you do. All these sorts of information should be handled by a maximum of 2 people and seen by no one else. This way no information will be revealed. 2.5 Describe the ways of identifying the appropriate person to whom a call is transferred. After answering the call following company procedure, ask the caller if they know the name of the person they wish to speak to, if they don’t ask regarding which department. Again if the caller doesn’t know find out briefly what the call is in reference to (briefly due to the topic the caller may wish to discuss can be of a private matter). Using this information can make it easier to select the right person/department. For example: †¢*Ring, Ring Ring, Ring* †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello my names Jane Doe, I spoke to a representative from your company yesterday and would like to speak to him again if possible? †¢Me: Of course, who are you looking for? †¢Caller: I’m sorry I don’t know his name †¢Me: That’s fine, do you know what department he was from? †¢Caller: Again I’m sorry, I made note of his name but I’ve lost the piece of paper I wrote it on. †¢Me: Not to worry, can I ask what the call was in reference to as this may help us locate the person you’re after. †¢Caller: Yes sure, I was looking into making a pond in my garden and the gentleman was providing information on how to measure my pond for a liner, I’m calling back with my measurements hoping to get a price. †¢Me: Okay, by the sounds of it you’ll be looking for the estimates department, if you don’t mind being put on hold for a few moments I’ll call up and see if we can locate the gentleman you spoke to yesterday. †¢Caller: That’s fine, thank you. †¢*Place caller on hold* 2.6 Describe the information to be given when transferring calls and leaving messages. After answering the phone following company procedure (taking callers name, company they are from, what the call is regarding) To caller: Explain that they will be put on hold while you try and locate (if person unknown) or contact the person they are after or another member of staff who is more appropriate to deal with their request. To new recipient of the call: Who is on the line, where they are from (company), why you are transferring the call to them and what details have already been given to the caller. This saves time and prevents the caller being given the same information again. On return to the caller: Who they are being transferred to and why they will be more useful and helpful to deal with their request. When leaving a message for someone out of office or via a phone message: Who the caller was, full name, where they are calling from i.e. company. What time they rang, the details of the call and any specific details or requests the caller wanted the intended receiver to know. For example: †¢*Ring, ring ring, ring* (8:45am) †¢Me: UK Waterproofing †¢Caller: Hello, I’m looking to speak with Dave Moss please. †¢Me: Unfortunately Mr Moss is not in the office at the moment, would you like me to pass a message along to him? †¢Caller: Yes please, my names Jane Doe I’m from Example Building in Nottingham, Mr Moss contacted me earlier this week looking for a price on a two storey extension on the Hampshire site, reference JO213. Can you let him know we need to send a couple of men to the site to do some final measurements but we can’t get access without written consent from Mr Moss to the site manager to allow our men to be at the site for a few hours. It’s a health and safety procedure that we need to complete before our men can go out. †¢Me: That’s fine so, Jane Doe of Example Building Notts, called back regarding Hampshire site quote, needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for measurements to be taken. Health and Safety requirement. Can I take a contact number? †¢Caller: Sure, 07895324870 that’s my work mobile, I’m out of the office from 10:00am till around 3:00pm so could he call either before or after as there are a couple of other things I need to discuss with him. †¢Me: Okay, out of office from 10:00am-3:00pm I’ll be sure to pass the message along. †¢Caller: Thank you. Call to Mr Moss. Message left on answer machine. â€Å"Good morning Dave, Jane Doe from Example Building in Nottingham rang for you this morning at 8:45am, call was regarding a quote on ref: JO213 Hampshire site, she needs written consent sending to site manager to allow for some men to take measurements, it’s a company health and safety requirement. Can you call her on 07895324870, she is out of office 10:00am till 3:00pm and asked for you to call outside of these times, wishes to discuss more with you as well. Thanks† 2.7 Describe how to identify problems and who to refer them to. Transferred call- connection with customer may have been lost during transfer, contact previous person who transferred call to you and see if they have a number or company name so you can call caller back. (Calling a customer back shows you are keen to help that person and will try your best to provide good customer service by taking the time and effort to try and re-connect with the caller). Log problem as a technical fault, if disconnecting issue continues check phones for system fault and report to a senior member of staff or technical support staff. Transferred to wrong person- This may have happened due to a system fault or a technical fault with a phone involved in the transfer, other possibility is the original person to transfer was new and so may have made a mistake. Explain to the person that unfortunately they have been transferred to the wrong person, it may not necessarily be the incorrect department just wrong person. Apologise to customer, explain the problem, if you can help continue to assist the customer if not swiftly transfer call to correct person but keep caller informed at all times as to what is happening. Log fault making note of when it happened and the phones involved, if problem persists inform senior member of staff.