Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots In Sixteenth Century France

Barbara B. Diefendorf, a distinguished historian, narrates the events prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France. The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a way for the ruling French monarchy to dispose or eliminate all Huguenots in France. After the Protestant Reformation in Germany, there was a diversification of the Protestant faith all over Europe. In Switzerland, Zwingli established a sect that mixed Orthodox Catholicism and Lutheranism. In England, Henry VIII declared himself as the supreme head of the Church of England, without changing traditional elements of Catholic faith.In Geneva, a zealous preacher, John Calvin, taught the doctrine of predestination. According to this doctrine, before a man is born, his soul was ordained by God to be in either heaven or hell. Man, even by his own freewill, cannot change his destination. Thus, in order to assail his own salvation, he must show to the world that he is destined to heaven. The trajectory of life, accor ding to Calvin, is cloaked with uncertainty of the afterlife. This doctrine shocked the even Calvin’s Protestant contemporaries, notably Luther and Zwingli.The Pope even agreed with other Protestant leaders that such faith could not be Christian or borne out of Christ-centered faith. Thus, the first seed of persecution was released. Among all Protestant faiths, Calvinism suffered the longest and most brutal persecution. Other factors also contributed to the Calvinist persecution in Europe (especially in France). Among were as follows: 1) The Huguenots were able to acquire political and economic power (thus assuming significance in European affairs; 2) The new faith rejected the absolute power of the monarchy.It proposed a new social system that relies heavily on communalism and brotherhood; 3) And, pressure from the Papacy forced Catholic countries to realign their policies toward traditional faith and social system (this was a reactionary move to the ideals of Calvinism). Ma in Theme of the Book In the book, the main theme can be summed up as: the gradual toleration of Huguenots in France generally resulted to increasing persecution of the adherents of Calvinism (although Huguenots comprised only 5% of the French population).The resulting struggle between Catholics and Huguenots was known as â€Å"The Wars of Religion. † For more than two centuries, France was the scene of legal and military struggle between the two factions, until Cardinal Richelieu (the regent of Louis XIII) and King Louis XIV destroyed the last bastions of Huguenots in France. The main theme is subdivided into three sub themes. Here are as follows: 1) The first stage of the conflict (from 1557 to 1563) was characterized by breakdown of order in the city of Paris.The Huguenots were initially granted toleration in the Edict of Amboise; 2) The second stage (from 1563 to 1577) was seen as the initial criss-cross theological battle of Catholic and Huguenot theologians in some of Eu rope’s prestigious universities. Catholic theologians were led by the Jesuits. Huguenot professors were headed by the first students of Calvin; 3) The third stage (from 1567 to 1572) was provoked by religious discontent of both Catholics and Huguenots.Catholics (especially the nobility and the French monarchy) wanted the deterioration of the economic and political power of the Huguenots. The Huguenots demanded more toleration (the opening of more districts for Huguenot worship and the removal of Huguenot books from the list of forbidden books). This was the period prior to the St. Bartholomew’s Massacre. Results Many Catholics in France felt that the degree of toleration granted to the Huguenots (the followers of Calvin) was more than enough to destroy the authority of the Church and the Catholic monarchy.There was an increasing call among traditionalists to destroy the very foundation of Calvinism: their worship districts. Admiral Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots, was severely wounded after an assassination. Several clashes between Catholic and Huguenots were notably in most of France’s major cities. On the night of august 23, a decision was taken at the Louvre to kill Coligny and the entire Huguenot hierarchy. Catherine de Medici, the mother queen, forced his son Charles IX to sign the order. Thus the infamous massacre in history finally came.Generally, the result of â€Å"The Wars of Religion† was the destruction of Huguenot power and the restoration of Catholicism as the official state religion of France. Methods The use of â€Å"historical documents† was highly noted in the book. Several documents dating back to the sixteenth century were presented to compound the main thoughts of the author. There was also a heavy reliance on the use of autobiographies, especially that of the Huguenot leaders who survived the massacre. In general, the methods used by the author were complex in structure and analytical in form.Genera l Critique The author was able to historically â€Å"slice† the events prior to the Huguenot massacre. This is unlike other history books where events were seen as linear progression of cause and effect. Here, events were treated as a web of related forms, leading to a major event. It failed though to explain the â€Å"conditions† which gave Huguenots tremendous power in France despite their minute number. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. (New York: Oxford UP, 1991).

Disease in Bram Stoker’s Dracula

As science continues to illuminate the darkened corners of our world, another mythic tale–the drinking of blood by the ubiquitous Dracula–may have a basis in fact according to Wayne Tikkanen, a professor of chemistry at California State University, Los Angeles. â€Å"I am a trained scientist. I don't believe in vampires and werewolves,† Tikkanen told Anthony Breznican for an AP release on Halloween, 1998.Tikkanen speculates that some European monster myths were the product of a blood disease known as porphyria that causes the skin to weaken and be negatively affected by ultraviolet rays that change heme, a component of blood that carries oxygen to the brain, into a toxin. As the disease progresses, the skin blackens and ruptures in the sun, followed by hair growing in the scars. Lips are burned, causing them to peel back, thus making the teeth more prominent.In some cases the nose erodes and the fingers disintegrate, making the hands resemble paws. The disease af fects one in 100,000 people and is treatable with medication. Tikkanen thinks it is possible that those afflicted with the disease centuries ago may have drunk animal blood to relieve their pain as a folk remedy, and that they would have preferred to go out at night in order to avoid the sun, and that perhaps this behavior was co-opted into myths.â€Å"You may do this all the time, but people will only see you when the night is at its brightest–or in other words, a full moon,† Tikkanen said. Unfortunately, the result of such myth-making was that as many as 600 victims of this disease were considered to be monsters by the 16th-century European judge H. Bouget, who subsequently had them burned at the stake. â€Å"Just think: you're horribly disfigured but you're perfectly lucid,† Tikkanen said. â€Å"You don't know what's happening to you, and the doctor doesn't want to treat you even if he knew how.Your priest wants you to confess your sins or the judge will bur n you at the stake. But you don't know what you've done wrong. † Other elements of the Dracula myth often include garlic, which Tikkanen says causes victims of porphyria to suffer violent illness because of the creation of toxins in their blood. Fear of the cross also makes sense in this theory, because the cross represents the Church and thus the Inquisition, which would have instituted the torture and murder of the sufferers of porphyria.In the same vein, the superstitious Romanian society projected its fear of disease and deviancy onto Dracula, thus rising the well-liked folklore hypothesis that â€Å"a man or woman who has led a predominantly wicked existence will almost certainly become a vampire; it is his curse for the wicked deeds committed during the usual term of his life, as well as an entrance that a influential sin can not easily be put to rest† (Douglas, 39). This resembles the idea propagated by the religious right that AIDS is a visitation of heavenly pu nishment for sexual deviancy, i. e. , homosexuality.David Prindle in his book Risky Business â€Å"of all the diseases, the ones that are sexually transmitted seem to carry the heaviest burden of symbolic weight. Such diseases seem to bring our peoples anxieties about spiritual and physical pollution, their dread of being exposed as hypocritical sinners, their yearning to condemn those less righteous than themselves† (Prindle, 73). In Coppola's Dracula, Lucy, who is teasing, inquisitive, and immoral is punished for her â€Å"evil† behavior, her sexuality, by being seduced into the warren of Dracula and thus flattering a vampire herself.Once a vampire, Lucy takes a young child as her injured party, intimidating the guiltless child much in the same way that infants with AIDS often are fatalities of their mother's performance. Susan Sontag notes that these metaphors â€Å"are hardly in contradiction. Such is the extraordinary potency and efficacy of the plague metaphor: it allows a disease to be regarded both as something incurred by susceptible others and as potentially everyone's disease† (Sontag, 152). Bela Lugosi first gave Dracula filmic complexity in the 1931 Dracula. His moves were smooth and contemporary, steeped in gender and glamour.His affluent inflection gave the count the religion that awoke the sexuality of female audience members. Christopher Lee (1958) followed in Lugosi's steps and moved Dracula from sexual innuendoes to blatant sexuality. At one point in The Horror of Dracula, he bites a youthful woman's throat-not simply feasting, but apparently experiencing orgasm. Dracula had thus developed into a seduction fantasy, vitally disturbed with the circumstances and penalty of premarital or extramarital luxury in forbidden corporal relations, in this occurrence with the opposite sex.Gary Oldman takes Lee's erotic Dracula one step hither in Coppola's Brain Stoker’s Dracula. When Oldman attempts to nibble the neck of the i noffensive Mina at the Nickelodeon, the camera comes in on a taut attempt of his face as his eyes change color, his fangs are exposed and his corpse tremors with expectation. The transformation of Dracula to his present- day classification makes him the most sexual of all the creatures of the night.Dracula's sexual insinuation and blatant hunger for human blood make him the wonderful mythic vehicle to express American society's fear of the modern day plague of AIDS, since the HIV virus is transmitted through blood and semen. Coppola's Dracula visits his victims in the dead of night or in a dark milieu. He takes Lucy from her bed to connect her with both intercourse and feeding. These visits from the attractive creature who first exhausts the sleeper with fervent embraces and then withdraws her blood symbolically parallels the night-time emissions that convoy erotic dreams.Frank Jones points out in his book â€Å"On the Nightmare of Bloodsucking† : â€Å"In the unconscious mi nd blood is commonly an equivalent for semen† (Gottsman, 59). However, the sentence for these sexual interludes with the leech is the permanent alteration into vampirism; an illness that separates the afflicted from the rest of the society, one that insists on sucking the life out of other people. In this admiration the vampire enters the victim's blood stream, as does the HIV virus, to eventually exhaust the host of his/her life.Coppola cinematically reflects this correlation throughout the course of the film. Initially, Dracula renounces the church, and in doing so plunges his sword into the cross at the alter. Blood then flows from the cross, and Coppola cuts from a stone angel icon releasing tears of blood to a shot of Dracula satisfying a cup and consumption the blood. In this pre- recognition succession, the back illumination creates a striking similarity between Christ and Dracula (the shoulder length hair, smooth skin and ethereal glow).On his return home from war, Dra cula learns of the death of his wife. His stabbing of the cross is a phallic metaphor for intercourse with a virgin, whose loss of virginity is often marked by a loss of blood. The cathedral, infected and raped by war, denies the interment of Dracula's suicided bride. Dracula renounces the church by drinking the blood out of the chalice, declaring that: â€Å"Blood is the life and the life is mine. † Here he metaphorically takes on the position of the bug, gratifying the judge of life and death.David Prindle reinforces the vampire as a metaphor for the virus: â€Å"As a deadly threat, the disease was made to order for melodrama; as a potential sexual assassin, the HIV carrier could easily be portrayed as a demon. † (76). Coppola establishes a departure from innocence to evil by using peacock feathers, representative of innocence and vanity, as a transition between the â€Å"enlightened† world and the dark road to Transylvania as the young Jonathan Harker is sent to Transylvania to work for Dracula.Both virtue and pride are lost when Jonathan encounters a group of female vampires who seduce him throughout his first night in the castle. Coppola reinforces the anonymity of the participants by showing incorporeal footsteps appearing by the bed while the women appear from within his sheets and start to embrace and murmur to Jonathan. He does not resist and follows through in what could be termed a one night stand. The camera shows a head shot of one of the â€Å"vamps† whose hair is made out of snakes, referring to Medusa or the serpent From Genesis that caused the eviction of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.References Babuscio, Jack. â€Å"Camp and the Gay Sensibility. † Gays and Film. Ed. Richard Dyer. New York: Zoetrope, Inc. , 1984. Broeske, Pat. â€Å"Hollywood Goes Batty for Vampires,† New York Times, April 26, 1993. Canby, Vincent, â€Å"Coppola's Dizzying Vision on Dracula,† New York Times, Nov 13, 1993. Douglas, Drake. Horrors! The awful truth about monsters; vampires, werewolves, zombies, phantoms. mummies and ghouls of literature and how tiny went Hollywood. New York: The Overlook Press, 1989.Gottesman, Ronald. Focus on the Horror Film. Trenton, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1972. Hogan, David. Dark Romance-Sexuality in the Horror Film. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. , 1986. Prindle. David. Risky Business. the Political Economy of HollywoodBoulder: Westview Press, 1993. Russo, Vito. The celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: Harper arid Row Publishers, 1990. Sontag, Susan. Illness as a Metaphor/AIDS and its Metaphors. New York: Doubleday, 1989.

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International Business Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Strategy - Case Study Example To survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors (Wonglimpiyarat 2004:1). Globalisation has not only altered the nature and the intensity of competition but has had to dictate and shape organisations in terms of what consumers wants, how and when they want it and what they are prepared to pay for it (Hagan 1996:1). Kanter (1995:71) on his work of "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Within the context of today's global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses including the electronic chain. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). An alternative approach towards organisational success, one which is becoming increasing prominent and has attracted the sustained attention of both domestic and international business scholars are core competences, capabilities and resources (e.g. Madhok 1998, Prahalad & Hamel 1990, Hamel & Prahalad1994 ). In today's global business environment it is no longer sufficient simply to meet customers demand as time quality and cost have become increasingly important in the phase of increasing competition (Petts 1997:551). According to Higgins (1998:2), "customers don't always know what they need or even that there is a problem to be solved." Success awaits those companies that recognize the fact that, to be successful and satisfy customers, it is often necessary to lead customers into recognizing these needs (Higgins 1998:2-3). In the light of this, the aim of this paper is to examine how Philips lost its leadership position in the light of globalization and why the company's had difficulties in changing the strategy. 1.1.2 The Rise of Philip as the Leading Consumer's Electronics in the World Philips is an electronic company that began in Holland specializing in the production of light bulbs. The company was founded by Gerard Philips and the father

Using Critical Thinking Effectively as a Leader Essay

Using Critical Thinking Effectively as a Leader - Essay Example Without critical thinking, chances of success as a leader are minimal. In this paper COBOL Systems, a fictitious IT company which deals in software and hardware, will be used as a reference point. The paper will focus on the critical thinking problems plaguing COBOL and how they can be solved. COBOL Systems manufactures and distributes computer software and hardware. It deals with several high-profile companies in the United States, taking care of their IT needs and offering technical support. The company was formed in 2002 by two young IT graduates with ambitious ideas on how to approach the IT segment. COBOL has since grown to become one of the largest IT firms in the United States. Revenues have grown and new branches have been opened to cater to serve their expanding clientele. It is not all good news however. The last 2 years have seen the company lose out on major deals to rivals, suffer a decline in market share, and launch underwhelming products. In January the board hired an auditing and consulting firm to help it determine what the problem was. There was a problem, that much was clear, but what was it? COBOL has a hierarchy-oriented culture. This means the company is structured, controlled, and leans heavily towards stability, efficiency and doing things right. This is not surprising considering COBOL is run by young, dynamic and highly-educated people who know what to do and how to get it done fast. However, this culture is unbalanced and lacks a quality desirable in all successful firms. Efficiency is not effectiveness, and quick execution does not mean excellent execution. The company lacks critical thinkers who can combine dynamism and efficiency with analytical sharpness to harness its potential. For instance, COBOL recently launched new risk management software that increased efficiency by 20 percent. However, the presentation and marketing of this software was so poor

Macroeconomics. The oils price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics. The oils price - Essay Example However, how the various economic indicators behave during this short period of 'supply shock' and how they forecast performance or health of the economy in the coming period is the moot question. Inflation may be defined as "state of economy, where there is a general and abnormal rise in price of all goods and services". Recession is a state of economy where there is a "slump in Gross Domestic Product in two or three successive quarters of a year with general price rise or fall". In the short run, when a price of a product which is consumed every sector of the economy which contribute to GDP have suddenly risen, other things remain the same, lead to rising prices all commodities and services, fall in real value of money and slow down of economic growth. This phenomenon is attributed to 'supply shock'. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. Cost Push inflation or Supply... Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation. SUPPLY SHOCK INFLATION OR COST PUSH INFLATION: Cost Push inflation or Supply Shock inflation is caused by the rise in price of an important commodity for which there was no alternative, and consequent of which there was a general rise in price of all commodities and services. While the examples for cost push inflation are many viz., failure of monsoon/draught in an agrobased economy which would shoot up inflation etc.,. the best example in the modern industrialised countries, is rise in prices of petroleum prodoucts. Dependence to petroleum products in any economy need not be emphasised and it may not be forgotten that the crisis faced by the world in the year 1970 is attributed to the rise in oil prices all over the world. Since, petroluem is important for moving the economy in all industrial including agricultural dependent countries, any upward movement in the price will cause a cascading movement in the price of all commodities and services and it will have persistant effect. However, there are different school of thought which opine, that the reduction in oil price after 1970 have not contributed in reduction in general price level, hence, rise in oil prices have not directly caused inflation in 1970. However, Keynesian economists argue that many prices are 'sticky

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Capital Budgeting Techniques - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to describe these techniques and to compare and contrast the pros and cons associated with each of these four capital budgeting techniques. The payback period is used to quantify the expected number of years required to recover the original investment made on a project based on the cash flows that the project generates over its lifetime. The main advantage of this capital budgeting technique is its simplicity. The way to calculate payback period is by adding up the expected cash flows for each year until the original investment of the project is recovered. The basic logic of the method is that it is better to recover the original investment sooner than later. A disadvantage of the payback period method is that it disregards the time value of money. Another capital budget technique to evaluate projects is the net present value or NPV. This method evaluates capital investment projects by finding the present value of future net cash flows, discounted at the rate of return required by the firm (Besley, et al. 2000). One of the pros associated with this capital budgeting technique is that it takes into consideration the time value of money. A project is accepted based on this technique if the NPV output is above cero, while projects that have a negative NPV should be rejected. A disadvantage of the NPV method is that it does not measure the interest rates, profitability, and other benefits relative to the amount invested (Glann, 2009). A third capital budgeting method is the internal rate of return or IRR. The internal rate of return is the rate of return the firm expects to earn if the project is purchased; thus it is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s expected cash flow to the investment outlay, or initial cost (Besley, et al. 2000). A pro of the IRR method is that it takes into consideration the time value of money. A project evaluated based on IRR is accepted if the IRR result is greater

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Fin 352 - Essay Example Securitization is the pooling of various contractual debt types like commercial and residential mortgages and selling them in consolidation to various investors as pass-through securities, bonds or as collateralized mortgage obligation. Receivables are taken â€Å"off balance sheet† then replaced with equivalents in cash. This improves an originator’s balance sheet, securitization can thus enhance the managerial control over structure and size of a company’s balance sheet. Financial leverage refers to the techniques used to multiply either gains or losses. Many times it involves buying a lot of assets using borrowed funds in anticipation that the appreciation will be higher than the borrowing cost. In futures markets, leverage is having control over huge cash amounts for commodities that have comparatively small capital levels. In futures markets, price leveraging is common resulting in small changes in futures prices translating into huge gains or

Entertainment History Essay Example for Free

Entertainment History Essay Within this essay it describes the popular and most common entertainment in Britain, from radio to the movies, in the beginning of the 1930s. It reveals key feature of entertainment in the early 1930s, for instance how it started, what were their intentions and what they involved. The radio plays a huge amount in our lives thats why when it first began it was a phenomenon for the public and became a big success for the nation. It was formed on 18th October 1922, by a group of leading wireless manufactures. Its founder, John Reith, believed that the BBC should educate, inform and entertain the public, he states this when he says Broadcasting should bring all that is best in every department of human knowledge, endeavour and achievement. Reith enforced many regulations for instance; rude jokes were not allowed; he banned light entertainment on Sundays; and presenters had to speak properly so accents or dialects were not allowed. He felt that the BBC should provide popular programmes, however he also wanted BBC to be educational and enlightening experience. Which the BBC accomplished, it broadcast all over the U. K and was able to entertain and inform those in their own home, which brought families together. Though the radio had its rivals such as newspapers, and magazines it managed to overcome this by reaching out to all types of the public for example male, female, all classes, the educated and the illiterate. It became even more popular when the new wireless sets were invented; this was a great delight to all homes in Britain, it was very accessible in letting families enjoy listening to the radio. As well as putting across the news around the world the BBC also aired other kinds of interest such as dance music and comedy. This was a great improvement for singers and band leaders because it made them a vast amount of recognitions by the public because it caused their sales of their records to increase hugely. Band leaders such as Jack Payne and Henry Hall were very popular also common programs for example Bandwagon went unmissed. As a result, radio was a family orientated source of entertainment and became a way of spending the night in, whilst enjoying yourself, rather than spending your night out. Another big source of entertainment was the cinema. Just as the radio allowed families coming together the so did the cinema, though it was more a family outing. The film industry grew rapidly, however at first the British film industry couldnt compete with the American film industry. It wasnt as technically advanced as the American films and the British public preferred to watch more films from America which didnt created a bigger obstacle for the British film industry. Consequently in 1927 the government passed an act ensuring that at least 5% of the total number of films should be shown in cinemas had to be British. And during that year sound movies was introduced this was a set back for the British film industry economically the silent movies were no match to the talkies. Such film like The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson was the first sound movie to be shown though the first ten minutes of the film really had sound. Sound became a sensation; people were able to engage in the films for low prices. This was a way of bringing many forms of relationships together such as, couples, friends and families. It was seen as a safe, comfortable and relaxing environment for everyone to enjoy an evening and because one ticket could be used for the whole day, people could spend the entire day in the cinema. Also Tennis became very popular, tennis clubs emerged increasingly and tennis courts were built in public parks by the local council. Though tennis was very popular it was quite expensive therefore it mainly attracted the middle and the upper class. Also because of its uniform it generally appeals to women, there dresses were shorter and movable as a result women could play much more comfortably. Cricket was a further type of entertainment that attracted the middle and upper class. This was an extremely popular sport, it grabbed a lot of attention especially the men. Matches were filled with people mostly the men. And the success of Don Bradman, who was the one who sailed through nearly every match, initiated cricket hitting headlines. Football was a tremendously popular sport that was also male dominated, however it generally drew the attention of the working class. Because this was a new sport, and the prices were very cheap crowds of 50,000 to 60,000 attended the first division matches. It was so crowded people were literally on the field, although during the early 1930s, since this was a fresh new sport the men werent as rowdy and uncontrollable as the men are today. Even football pools were produced, this suggests the popularity of football and how the people of the 1930s were influenced by this sport. In contrast to these sports greyhound racing was very popular as well though it werent as positive as the others. It attracted the working class and made them spend money to get money, although it didnt work like that for the majority of people; it increased gambling; dept and led to addiction. The unemployed gambled as much as the working class but just spent less money, all of this reflected the fact of entertainment rising in the early 1930s. Music halls were an additional strong type of entertainment in the early 1930s, however as grey hound racing was a negative type of sport so was music halls. It was where a selection of entertainment was staged in a large hall with tables at which drinks were served. It presented a variety of entertainment involving a mixture of popular songs, performing animals, acrobats, male/female impersonators, and comedians. It also assists in many acts becoming popular such as Flanagan and Allen, Gracie Fields, Max Miller, and George Formby. The halls mostly attracted the working class because of its cheap prices; it was a place to socialize; and the availability of alcohol was one of the music halls attractions. People really came to music halls to unwind and have a lively time. Therefore, because the hall encouraged heavy drinking among both men and women, it didnt appeal to families seeing as it wasnt a place for children. Music halls went into a gradual decline after the introduction of talking films, Jazz, Swing, Big Band dance music and cinema. Its restriction on the range of audience, which limited their customers, was another reason of their failure. Musicals were similar to the music halls as they were both centered on music and performances; however because of the two different audiences it was incredibly different as well. Because of it sophistication musicals mainly attracted the middle and upper classes, the result of this meant that there was no competition. Therefore they carried on being successful. To conclude entertainment was a break through in allowing people to overcome to effects of the depression. Therefore it gave a rise to the upcoming of entertainment and how it affects our lives today.

Friedrich Froebel Essay Example for Free

Friedrich Froebel Essay In 1837, having developed and tested radically new educational method and philosophy based on structured activity based learning, Froebel moved to Bad Blankenburg and established his Play and Activity Institute which he renamed in 1840 Kindergarten. Kindergarten was essentially three parts: ââ€"  Toys for sedentary creative play. (Froebel called gifts and occupations) ââ€"  Games and dances for healthy activity. ââ€"  Observing and nurturing plants in a garden for stimulating awareness of the natural world. Froebel stated many things among them are statements such as: It was a search for metaphysical unity, in which the potential growth to wholeness of the individual child within the natural world would fulfil harmonious Ideal with the mind of God. Play is the highest expression of human development in childhood for it alone is the free expression of what is in a child’s soul. The gifts and occupations are the living connection which makes both play and work expressions of the same creative activity.

Economic Scarcity and Finite Resources

Economic Scarcity and Finite Resources Introduction As the technology boom continues to strive throughout the 20th and 21st century, industries are forced to produce products for the increase in demand. By doing so, manufacturers are blindly meeting these demands while negatively affecting our environment, specifically pollution. In order to produce the materials and components required for modern day technology, industries must manipulate factories that produced billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and other green-house gases that contribute to pollution and overall global warming. Especially, with the recent increase of environmentalists and other concerned consumers, economic activities such as manufacturing must be conducted without leaving a substantial impact on our surrounding environment. The reason being, economists are beginning to discover the correlation between the success of a business and how they treat their environment. If a business promotes and begins to take part in environmentally friendly practices, the business will attract a larger margin of consumers. Therefore, as a businessman and global citizen it is important for us to buy environmentally friendly products from manufacturers that produce limited pollution. Relation to Scarcity Economic scarcity can be summarized as the situation where businesses don’t have enough resources to produce and fulfil the demand for certain products. In relation to pollution, natural resources such as water and agriculture are becoming scarce and affecting businesses. Johnson, Kevin. What Is Scarcity in Economics?. eHow. Demand Media, 12 July 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5175741_scarcity-economics_.html>. Water Resource With factories continuing to produce materials, the pollution created greatly affects the quality of fresh water resources through acid rain and dumping. Environmental Indicators. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=enn=D189C09D-1>. For instance, the world’s fresh water supply available to the human population is only 3%. With pollution affecting bodies of fresh water such as the great lakes of Ontario, this small percentage shall continue to decrease while the amount of people suffering from inadequate water increases. As of today, 1.1 billion people are suffering from water shortages and this is predicted to rise. For example, in 2025 approximately two thirds of the global population and numerous ecosystems could possibly suffer from water shortages. World Wildlife. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity>. Agricultural Resource Alongside the shortage of fresh water, plants and other agricultural sources are being affected by the increase pollution. The reason being, the green-house gases emitted from factories and other human activities are increasing the ozone levels of our planet. A surplus of ozone results in the destruction of crops, plants and trees which results in economic losses in the agriculture and forestry industry. It is estimated that the increase of ozone costs Canadian farmers millions of dollars in lost production annually. EPA. The Effects: Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-economy>. Opportunity Cost In society both consumers and manufacturers are faced with the economic problem of having infinite wants but with inadequate resources. Therefore, we are forced to make important yet difficult choices about how to distribute these limited resources. This economic problem is called opportunity cost, where making a certain choice prevents you obtaining an alternative goal or item. In regards to pollution, manufactures have to choose one of the following situations: Pollute the environment in order to produce goods and satisfy the demand for a cheaper cost, however they must pay the carbon tax. Avoid polluting the environment by spending more money in order to produce goods and satisfy the demand while avoiding the carbon tax. The carbon tax, is enforced by the federal government to charge manufacturers for each tonne of green-house gases (including carbon) they emit. The goal is to ultimately reduce green-house gas emissions by pressuring businesses to go eco-friendly. What is a Carbon Tax?. Province of British Columbia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A1.htm>. Consumers also face a similar ideal where they either: Purchase the environmentally friendly product at a higher cost. Purchase the non-environmentally friendly product at a lower cost but carry the burden of supporting a company that produces excess pollution. The ideal situation would be that companies would produce their products while reducing the pollution they create and consumers would purchase these environmentally friendly products. However, this would result in manufacturers spending more money to insure they are considered green, in order to compensate for the additional spending they could lay-off a portion of their employees. Also, more money would be coming out of the consumer’s product to buy the eco-friendly product. In the end the perfect scenario is impossible to reach; which is the basis of the idea of opportunity cost. Stakeholders Stakeholders are defined as a party or individual who show interest or withhold a connection with a certain issue or organization. Stakeholder Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp>. In terms of pollution, the cause of increase in green-house gases is no other than the result of human activity industrialized in the 20th and 21st century, therefore I believe that both consumer and manufacturer are the stakeholders for pollution. The reason being, businesses introduced new advanced technologies every day, resulting in a large demand for these products; for example the automobile. Manufactures then meet these demands and produced automobiles for the population while producing pollution. The automobiles were the daily driven by a large percentage of consumers and this continued to emit green-house gases into our atmosphere and created pollution. Economic System Similar to the United States, Canada has adapted a market-oriented economic system that combines private enterprise with government regulation. Economy Watch Follow The Money. Canada Economic Structure. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/canada/structure-of-economy.html>. In other words, a market economy is where businesses meet the product demands and price of the consumers with little government intervention. Market Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketeconomy.asp>. By doing so, Canada’s economy is considered free yet economists argue the effectiveness of a market economy on issues such as pollution. As of today, Canada is ranked 28 on the world air quality index and 6 on the world freedom index. Air Quality Ranking. Yale Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://epi.yale.edu/epi/issue-ranking/air-quality>. 2014 Index of Economic Freedom. Index o f Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.heritage.org/index/>. Meaning, our country is relatively environmentally friendly with a strong and free market economy. Therefore, according to the statistics I believe that Canada should resume being a market economy because we’re are historically successful and are continuing to improve our nation. On the other hand, if Canada was a command economy, where the government regulates the amount and price of products produced and sold in an economy. Command Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/command-economy.asp>. Under the correct leading government party, Canada could potentially be ranked higher on the air quality index but most definitely lower on the world freedom index. If we were to eliminate the amount of pollution we currently produce, that would mean more economic spendin g on behalf of the government, manufacturer and consumer. Resulting in our economy and possibly Canadian dollar value to decrease. Therefore, I believe that a command economy would not be suitable for our nation because it would be unsuccessful and it goes against our beliefs and tradition of being a free and strong nation. Economist Point of View In the recent centuries, there have been many economists who argued which type of economy is better. Each economist had their own ideas and theories on how an economy should be regulated, the most famous economists include David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. David Ricardo David Ricardo was a British economist who lived from the late 17th century into the early 18th century. Through his lifetime he had various professions relating to the world of economics including a stock broker. From his experience and knowledge he gained from economists before him such as Adam Smith, Ricardo developed his own theories of the perfect economy. His theories were based on his principles of supporting free trade and limited government regulation such as his theory of comparative advantage. If David Ricardo lived to see the Canadian economy in its current condition, it would be an accurate representation of his utopian economy. In regards to the issue with pollution and its effects on the economy, I believe that Ricardo would leave the issue to the manufacturers and consumers. He would trust that as global citizens, we would learn how to prioritize our needs and wants while reducing the amount of pollution being generated by industries. Like Canada’s market econom y, Ricardo would not want the government having a significant impact on the manufacturers, regulating their every action and decision. Therefore, I believe that David Ricardo would resolve the pollution issue by allowing the Canadian consumer and manufacturer to work things with limited government assistance and help from other foreign countries. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Thomas Malthus Thomas Malthus was another British economist who lived in the 17th and 18th century. He is reminded of his inspiration on Darwin’s theory of evolution and his own theory of limited resources. He believed that one day, the human population would exceed the amount of resources available. In order to avoid this situation, he believed in regulating the amount of offspring. In a sense Thomas Malthus’ theory is correct, in the modern day world with over 7 billion people, we find ourselves running out of limited resources such as oil and forestry. However, Malthus never interpreted the idea of society adjusting to the changing population and resources with the help of technology. For example to compensate for excess pollution, Canada is relying on new energy sources such as hydro and wind. In regards to reduce pollution in Canada, I believe Malthus would regulate the offspring in order to preserve our agriculture and water resources. However, it would not be as effective as Da vid Ricardo’s resolution or what Canada has implemented already. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Both economists have theories that relate to the current economic situation of Canada and the situation involved with excess pollution. Although if I was to resolve the pollution issue in Canada, I would follow David Ricardo’s theories, which are already the basis of the current Canadian economy. Resolution After researching the theories of previous economist, the causes and effects of pollution on the Canadian economy, I believe we should: Increase the carbon tax to further pressure manufacturers into becoming environmentally friendly and producing excess pollution. Reward consumers that choose to buy eco-friendly products by rewarding them with rebates or decreasing the tax on eco-friendly items. Introduce new programs and organizations to clean our fresh water resources including the great lakes. Continue to fund power generating industries such as hydro, solar and air. Works Cited 2014 Index of Economic Freedom. Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.heritage.org/index/>. Air Quality Ranking. Yale Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://epi.yale.edu/epi/issue-ranking/air-quality>. Command Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/command-economy.asp>. EPA. The Effects: Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-economy>. Economists. Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-economists-adam-smith-david-ricardo-thomas-malthus.html#lesson>. Economy Watch Follow The Money. Canada Economic Structure. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/canada/structure-of-economy.html>. Environmental Indicators. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=enn=D189C09D-1>. Johnson, Kevin. What Is Scarcity in Economics?. eHow. Demand Media, 12 July 2009. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5175741_scarcity-economics_.html>. Market Economy Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketeconomy.asp>. Stakeholder Definition | Investopedia. Investopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp>. What is a Carbon Tax?. Province of British Columbia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014. http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A1.htm>. World Wildlife. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity>.

Lamb to the Slaughter and The Speckled Band :: English Literature

Both Lamb to the Slaughter and The Speckled Band share some characteristics of murder mysteries. What are the similarities and differences between the two stories? I this essay I am going to compare two short stories. 'The Speckled Band' by Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle and 'The Lamb to the Slaughter' by Roald Dahl. There are both many similarities and difference between these two stories. Though some similarities/differences are obvious and easy to spot, there are also some less obvious similarities/differences. The first difference we can see is the setting. 'In Lamb to the Slaughter', the main setting is in a quiet, warm house. 'The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight - hers and the one by the empty chair opposite.' This description tells us about how the house is appealing to be in. Also, by saying the 'empty chair opposite' you can gather that there is another character in the story, to which she is waiting for. The time period is a post 20th Century America (1954, about 10 years after the Second World War.) However, the main setting in 'The Speckled Band' is the complete opposite. 'The building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone, with a high central portion, and two curving wings, like the claws of a crab, thrown out on each side.' This gives a foreboding atmosphere, which could be used to en-still fear into readers. Another difference is that it is set in 19th Century England. Though both very different, both settings hold a murder to them. Other differences are in the way the characters are depicted. In 'Lamb to the Slaughter' the main character, Mary Maloney, is described as a quiet peaceful person. 'Curiously tranquil eyes with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before.' The writer also indicates that she is pregnant, 'for this was her sixth month with child.' With this description, you would not think of Mary to be a 'typical killer'. What people consider a typical killer is someone who is cold, precise and knows what they're doing, usually a man. However we are misled, 'brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head. She might just have hit him with a steel club.' As you can see, this would not have been expected from a quiet tranquil person. There are no more descriptions of other people. This is strange as you would think that there would be more people in the story. Even though more people come into the story, they are not significant enough to get a description. They are just said to be a 'police detective'.

Othello’s Diversity of Imagery Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Diversity of Imagery  Ã‚        Ã‚   The diverse imagery found in Shakespeare’s drama Othello represents a world all by itself. And this world of imagery contributes to the prevailing sentiment of pain and suffering and unpleasantness.    There is no shortage of imagery in the play; this is for certain. Critic Caroline Spurgeon in â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us† sorts through the plethora of imagery in the play:    The main image in Othello is that of animals in action, preying upon one another, mischievous, lascivious, cruel or suffering, and through these, the general sense of pain and unpleasantness is much increased and kept constantly before us. More than half the animal images in the play are Iago’s, and all these are contemptuous or repellent: a plague of flies, a quarrelsome dog, the recurrent image of bird-snaring, leading asses by the nose, a spider catching a fly, beating an offenceless dog, wild cats, wolves, goats and monkeys. To these Othello adds his pictures of foul toads breeding in a cistern, summer flies in the shambles, the ill-boding raven over the infected house, a toad in a dungeon, the monster ‘too hideous to be shown,’ bird-snaring again, aspics’ tongues, crocodiles’ tears, and his reiteration of goats and monkeys.’ In addition, [. . .] . (79)    The play’s imagery is oftentimes reflective of the fortunes of the protagonist. As the Moor’s status declines, the quality of the imagery in the play declines. In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the relationship between imagery and Othello’s jealousy:    It is very important to see that Othello’s self-estimate – â€Å"one not easily jealious, but, being wrought, / Perplexed in the extreme† (V.ii.345-... ...rizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.    Kermode, Frank. â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice.† The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Spurgeon, Caroline. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us.† Shakespearean Tragedy. Ed. D. F. Bratchell. New York: Routledge, 1990.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.            

Free Trade vs Protectionism Essay -- Economics Business

Free Trade vs Protectionism One of the greatest international economic debates of all time has been the issue of free trade versus protectionism. Proponents of free trade believe in opening the global market, with as few restrictions on trade as possible. Proponents of protectionism believe in concentrating on the welfare of the domestic economy by limiting the open-market policy of the United States. However, what effects does this policy have for the international market and the other respective countries in this market? The question is not as complex as it may seem. Both sides have strong opinions representing their respective viewpoints, and even the population of the United States is divided when it comes to taking a stand in the issue. After examining all factors on the two conflicting sides, it is clear that protectionism, from the side of the United States, is the only way the American industrial economy can expand for the benefit of its citizens and for its national welfare. The economy needs to get itself out of the huge deficit hole that it has created for itself,and lean towards protectionist measures. The dictionary definition of free trade states it as a policy of allowing people of one country to buy and sell from other countries without restrictions. This idea originated with the influential British economist, philosopher, and author of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith. He inspired the writings of great economists such as David Ricardo, Karl Marx, Thomas Malthus, and others. According to Smith, specialization and trade is the best solution to create a flourishing American economy, with its industries ruling the economic world. William H. Peterson, holder of the Lundy Chair of ... ... age of political correctness. It is true that the global market has already expanded, but it is never too late for the United States to begin shutting its doors to the free market. Bibliography: 1. Altschiller, D. (Ed.)(1998). Free Trade Versus Protectionism. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company. 2. Bender, D.L. & Leone, B. (1991). Trade-Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc. 3. Lenway, Stephanie Ann. (1985). The Politics of U.S. International Trade. Boston: Pitman Publishing Inc. 4. Lieberman, Sima. (1988). The Economic and Political Roots of the New Protectionism. New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, Publishers. 5. Spero, Joan Edelman. (Ed. 4) (1990). The Politics of International Economic Relations. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc. 6. Woronoff, Jon. (1983). World Trade War. New York: Praeger Publishers

Physical Activity in School Aged Children Essay

Obesity and associated health problems are a growing problem in the United States. Within the past 20 years, obesity rates have risen significantly. â€Å"Unhealthy diet and physical inactivity can contribute to or aggravate many chronic diseases and conditions, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some cancers.† (CDC, 2003, pg. 1). More than 80 percent of the youth do not do enough aerobic physical activity to meet the guidelines for Healthy People 2020. (Physical Activity, 2011, pg.1). At least half of youth do not engage in physical activity that promotes long-term health. (Exercise, 2011, para. 1). I have interest in this topic because I always worry if my 6 year old son is getting enough physical activity. He has mild cerebral palsy and has a hard time performing sports, running, or even riding a bike. With all the health benefits physical activity has to offer I wish he could do more. Our family has a history of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke that I do not want my son to inherit. During my pediatric clinical I saw all the school-age children running all over during recess and getting good exercise. This made me even more aware of how my son does not get enough exercise. School –age children is my targeted age group for physical activity. These years are important to development of lifelong exercise. During these years the children are continuing to enhance skills such as eye-hand coordination, agility, speed, and muscular strength. Children need to be involved in physical activity and continue to develop motor skills. Physical activity has many benefits including; positive sense of accomplishment and self-esteem, increasing physical ability, weight control, and socialization. (Ball & Bindler, 2008, p. 328-329). In addition, Researchers have found a strong relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. Children who are active are more likely to have improved concentration, be more attentive, and earn higher grades. Furthermore, participation in organized sports encourages confidence, teamwork, and leadership. â€Å"Children often are more attentive, behave better, and perform as well or better scholastically after participation in physical activity through recess or physical education.† (Mahar, Murphy, Rowe, Golden, Sheilds, & Raedeke, 2006, pg. 2). Much of our time as families is spent doing sedentary activities, including watching television, playing video games, and using the computer. These prevent children from being physically active. This is why I chose to target the parents of school-age children for my brochure. I chose to direct the brochure at the parents because they have a strong influence on the activities their children are doing. Not only can parents limit the sedentary activities but they can engage their children in more physical activity. Active parents set examples and are a powerful stimulus for children to get active. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"A sustained 10 percent weight loss will reduce an overweight person’s lifetime medical costs by $2,200 to $5,300 by lowering costs associated with high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and high cholesterol.† (CDC, 2003, pg. 2). Furthermore, children are not always getting the recommended 60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity daily through school activities. â€Å"Less than 36 percent of elementary and secondary schools offer daily physical education classes.† (Exercise, 2011, para. 1). This is important for parents to be aware of so they can encourage it at home. The attached brochure has many ideas on how to engage children in physical activity. Some are as easy as washing the car or taking the dog for a walk. Children will not even know they are excising. Throughout the growth process, there are specific cognitive, psychosocial, and physical milestones that school-age children are expected to reach. Cognitively, children reach the stage of concrete operational thought at about 7 years old. This stage allows school-age children to consider alternative solutions and solve problems. Still, school-age children continue to count on on concrete experiences and materials to form their thought content. Furthermore, they learn the concept of conservation (that matter is not changed when its form is altered. The cognitive growth at this stage is aided by reading, crafts, word puzzles, and school work. Staying physically active will help with the cognitive growth process. Researchers have found a strong relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. Children who are active are more likely to have improved concentration, be more attentive, and earn higher grades. (Ball & Bindler, 2008, p.97). Psychosocially, school-age child tends to have many friends and willingly interacts with others to accomplish tasks. From these activities and relationships they develop a feeling of accomplishment. (Ball & Bindler, 2008, p. 97). The children often play together as interaction. Being physically active allows children to play together and reach that sense of accomplishment and play cooperatively. The physical changes that school-age children go through start with the long bones which continue to grow, jaw proportions are changed as teeth are lost, body organs and the immune system mature causing fewer illnesses and the urinary system can adjust to changes in fluid status. Furthermore, physical skills are being refined and fine motor skills are well-developed. To achieve the physical and motor skills the children need to be physically active. Playing sports really helps refine the physical skills. (Ball & Bindler, 2008, p. 95-96). The attached brochure I created for school-age children’s parents should be accessible through the child’s school, pediatrician’s office or other specialty medical offices. If possible it would be great to see this information in a parents magazine (e.g., Parenting) and on websites that parents use for resources (e.g., Children’s Hospital, www.chw.org). In addition this brochure would be great to have at facilities for children’s therapy or any events children and parents might be attending. In conclusion the attached brochure was developed to meet the educational needs of parents to help their children. The brochure has risk factors that parents can relate to. There are also statistics to help make my statement stand out and prove to the parents how important physical activity is. The brochure clearly states the recommended amount of time per day children should be active and ideas to help them achieve this goal. I also, added pictures to attract them to read it. Completing this activity taught me how important it is to be involved in children’s lives and keep them active. So many parents allow their children to play video games and surf the internet and you see more children struggling in school or with their weight. Now, as a mother I am more aware of the benefits physical activity has for my child. As a future registered nurse, I have the knowledge to teach parents the importance of staying active and preventing chronic illnesses. References Ball, J. W. & Bindler, R.C. (2008). Pediatric nursing-Caring for children (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (Aug, 2003). Preventing obesity and chronic diseases through good nutrition and physical activity. Retrieved October 25, 2011 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/factsheets/prevention/pdf/obesity.pdf. Exercise. (2011). Retrieved October 30, 2011 from http://www.chw.org/display/router.asp?DocID=23509# Mahar, M. T., Murphy, S.K., Rowe, D.A., Golden, J., Sheilds, A.T., & Raedeke, T.D. (2006). Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. American College of Sports Medicine 38(12):2086-2094. Physical Activity. (2011, October 31). Retrieved November 1, 211 from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=33

Invisalign Case Study Essay

clientThe tolerant holds the beginning and block off of the rail line f mild in the Invisalign action, looking for a service for malocclusion discussion from their orthodontist. Customers of Invisalign have the sharpness by having nearly invisible aligners, removable while take in, and hygiene of the aligners while eating and cleaning.OrthodontistOrthodontists argon the main character reference for the guest whether to suggest invisalign to them or not. If sui postpone, the orthodontist entrust go for photographs, X-rays, impressions of dental skankyes, a wax gaminess and an Invisalign prescription for the patient role. This data is whence s residuum to the close wrinkle member in Santa Clara for processing. 3-D modellings were developed in Pakistan. The orthodontist will make adjustments and corrections to the proposal by and by getting from Pakistan.A program cryed ClinCheck is utilize to view the 3-D simulation, of the proposed p ambiting plan. both alters made argon sent hazard to Pakistan for correction. The orthodontist similarly kit and caboodle with the customer to plus insurance c everyplaceage a farsighted with a payment plan to c all over the represent of the interference. Major motive wherefore Invisalign argon cullred over handed-downistic twain include reduced labor and control time, minimal training and emf to make up patient base.InvisalignThe Santa Clara headquarters serves as central point in the midst of all communicate members. Once Invisalign take ons the patients training from the orthodontist, employees analyzes the data and constructs plaster and computer models of the certain teething. After completion, this model is forwarded to Pakistan for further analysis. Santa Clara is also responsible for approving the bastard intervention proposal created in Pakistan along with constructing a series of molds of the patients dentition for apiece of the 2 weeks before move them to Mexico. Financial ly, Invisalign is responsible for providing m unrivaledtary incentives to orthodontists that refer their business. This includes establishing price and discounts to provide theservice to the end customer. package Development (Pakistan)The patients intervention plan is designed in Pakistan, which includes simulated tooth movements for each of the two weeks for the entire treatment process. Once approved by Invisalign and the orthodontist, these molds argon then sent to the next blood in Mexico for production. Manufacturing (Mexico)Aligners atomic number 18 created from the molds received. They are trimmed, cleaned, minute and inspected before they are shipped directly to the orthodontist, which then forwards to the end customer. conventional coupletTraditional dyad melt transport comprises of* Customer* dental practitioner* OrthodontistCustomer confusable to Invisalign, the patient starts and ends the path flow in the traditional braces process. The patient whitethorn ei ther inquire or be referred by their dentist to seek malocclusion treatment. The equal of traditional braces tends to be cheaper than Invisalign.DentistThe patient trounces their general dentist and if malocclusion is diagnosed, a referral is made to an orthodontist.OrthodontistIn the initial visit with the orthodontist, X-rays, photographs and dental moldings are collected from the patient. A treatment plan is created and in the next visit, brackets are cemented to each tooth and linked with an arch wire. The patient returns monthly for retightening and adjustments. At the end of treatment, the brackets are removed and replaced with plastic retainers. whatever(prenominal) of the reasons why orthodontists choose traditional braces over Invisalign are credibility, cost and low level of patient compliance.2. Invisalign Advertising higher(prenominal)roadThither are contrastive functions finished by advertising channel. There are tierce different channels apply by Invisalign f or promotion, these are1. The gross sales tycoon2. knell centers3. Media adsThese channels are designed to increase the awareness in the customers regarding Invisalign and also to reach the customers by different bureaus. The target customers are the dentists, orthodontists and patients. These services are the part of merchandising strategy of Invisalign to capture more and more customers through direct contact and through referrals. The sales force setup was ingestiond to target the orthodontists, who are the key focal point for the patients. any personal manners introducing Invisalign, sales force also used to train the orthodontists on case s elect(ip)ion, pricing and how to use the Invisalign website and ClinCheck software. These types of trainings with orthodontists created a sense of security and care of Invisalign for its customers. as well it would help the orthodontists to get equip with the tools undeniable to root on Invisalign to their patients.We basis say that Invisalign uses encourage strategy to generate the sales. The second reference point was call centers. It is for those customers who are more odd in knowing about the Invisalign, these customers brush aside call at toll leave office number, 1-800-INVISIBLLE. Customers will get the desired information regarding invisalign by calling this number. The third medium used was media ads. This includes direct mails, journals advertising and tidy sum shows. In these activities customers are convinced to use Invisalign. As dentists are the main source of referrals to orthodontists, these ads also provide awareness to the dentists regarding both new development in invisalign, so that they could recommend it to their customers. We can say that Invisalign uses biff strategy here to attract customers. foreland 3 Are there any gaps in the channel? Are channel members perform functions that invisalign intends them to do? If not, why not? Demand-Side GapsCapturing the Existing Market The market of potential malocclusion customers is about 200 one thousand thousand individuals. and 2 million actually elect orthodontic treatment (1 % of potential market) half(prenominal) of those customers (1 million) do not even go for the treatment, this is the first gap in the channel. This is due to the very nature of the product, since the orthodontist treatment requires dentition to be constantly observing the patient and to make corrections in advance. angiotensin converting enzyme of the important members of the process is the orthodontists. This member stands between the customer and Invisaligns product, it is the responsibility of the orthodontist to recommend Invisalign to more and more customers but it piece to push the product less enthusiastically than desired by Align. There force be conflict of objective here among the two members. Nominally, 25 percent of the democracys orthodontists have not been dexterous on the new sy source. This detracts from the spat ial doojigger of the merchandising channel.Capturing the potential marketBesides the 1 million qualifying patients in the existing market, the promise of the invisalign product is to string out into the population of non-children that have IV-treatable malocclusion (80 percent of commonwealth above the age 15), but do not seek orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists (should) be eager to expand their patient base, verbalize Zia Chishti. Indeed, unless a relatively beautiful proportion of this potential population seeks treatment because of the drawbacks associated with conventional treatment, but Aligns process overcomes many of these shortcomings (as described in case study). This gap might be attributed to the orthodontists (described above) and the media advertisement, which is focused on raising awareness, and describes advantages over the conventional method (instead of discolouration benefits).Supply-Side Gaps spoken communication IncentivesA possible gap in the delivery of the offering whitethorn stem from the basic economic incentive for orthodontists. simoleons margins were about the same forboth Invisalign and Traditional Braces ($3,600 vs. $3,500 gross, or 88% vs. 66%, respectively). So short of the orthodontists possessing very high brand loyalty or customers specifically requesting the Invisalign treatment, the promotion to customers breaks down here.In addition, the ClinCheck simulation takes 3-4 weeks to complete. This seems like a very long time. Invisalign may find a way to incentivize Pakistan to turn around the simulations faster to twist down on production time. Likewise, incentives for the sales force were designed for the objective of brand awareness (bonuses based on non-sales activities). The lodge is now looking for boosted sales, so it may its current plan may be bear upon sales.Production Process snipInvisalign has essentially inserted itself right in the nerve of the traditional malocclusion treatment process. As, the proce dures of invisalign is entirely customized (fitted) to each patient. These two facts combined create a longer supply chain this is why the entire supply chain works slowly as the order and product get routed through the unhomogeneous intermediaries. The Invisalign process includes three centers (Santa Clara, Pakistan and Juarez, Mexico). The entire process took up to six weeks, compared to an immediate treatment with traditional braces. As we know that Customers increasingly prefer faster delivery channels.Question 4 Are channel origin sources affecting Invisaligns mastery? If so, how? Answer yes, the channel mightiness sources do affect the Invisaligns victor. existence the part of product flow and promotion channel, the channel members have the force to affect the Invisaligns success.OrthodontistsThe greatest provide source affecting Invisaligns success is the orthodontist. He stands in-between Align and the patient, and has the power of his in effect(p)ise. The two cust omer segments (health conscious and witness conscious) value their orthodontists opinion. Indeed, conversion seems to disappears at the ramification were orthodontists are engaged over 3,500 referrals to orthos every week from IV, but only 100 customers sign up (8,000 calls, 80% referred to ortho, 55 to 65 percent arrive up, 3 percent convert to sales).His expert power validates IVs treatment to customers even though his impetus may lie in aroundthing non-expertise, such as his economic incentive (profit margin) or receipt to change.DentistsInvisaligns exclusive statistical distribution to orthodontists prompted one general-practice dentist to file a heavy complaint against Align, alleging anti-trust laws were violated. Aside from this legitimate power, dentists dress a type of referent power. Since dentists are to refer qualifying customers to orthodontists, their choice could end up helping or pain conversion rates for IV, depending on the referred orthodontists brand loyal ty to IV.InvisalignInvisaligns sales force uses a tiering structure which rewards orthodontists who are very proficient in the Invisalign process. IV commits more resources and potential business (through their call center and website) to these valued doctors. In this way, IV can extend extra benefits for performing in a manner undifferentiated with its own objectives.PatientsPatient compliance affects IVs success because of the high course of participation required for a success treatment (aligners were removeable at the patients discretion). Some orthodontists did not like being associated with a treatment that could fail from no doing of their own. Therefore, patients show a sort of anti-referent powerdoctors did not fatality to be associated with them.Question 5 What would you do to complete conversion?Our team proposes the IV offering is closer to the growth stage in the product life round of drinks than it is to the introduction stage. Marketing channels should change as the product moves along in its cycle. Our umbrella suggestion is to have dentists lot the IV treatment process. Specifics are defined here. * Intensive distribution. There are 14 times more general dentists than orthodontists. IV should move from selectivedistribution to intensive. The change magnitude number of retailers (dentists and orthodontists) makes it easier and more likely for patients to receive treatment (enhance spatial convenience). The increased distribution should drive prices down as retailers make out for customers dentists may be willing to accede lower margins than the orthodontists.* Better align incentives. Being able to stimulate channel members to exonerate performance starts with understanding their needs and wants (pg 423, marketing textbook). Dentists are incentivized by volume of patients and perform non-specialized tasks that require less treatment, all diametral of the orthodontists. This matches brilliantly with the IV offering. In fact, near of the characteristics seen as unattractive from the orthodontists would be viewed as benefits for dentists. * Heterogeneous customers. The offering can be adjusted to match the needs/wants of the various segments of customers. This idea comes from the readings on CRM programs.Each patient segment (prior use, beauty and health conscious) has different preferences and a varied propensity to buy, as would the retailers (dentists and orthodontists). The other side to this is IV can fire bad orthodontists, which is another way of saying reward/coercive power can be exercised more exactly. * set benefits. Because brand awareness is achieved (80 percent), advertisement should campaign focus from aesthetic advantages over the traditional system (the a $40 million media campaign) to brand benefits. The existing go on approach targets the existing market. We want to capture some of the potential marketthe big table

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

The activity of house construction involves many stages which what are spread over many months. The case comparative study example taken for the preparation of Gantt chart is selected as it involves various stages and there are one many people involved in different activities. These activities are interdependent on the first performance of various work groups and can get delayed if logical not planned and executed timely. Thus I present a Gantt Chart how that will assist and ensure effective working in order to obtain the end result as planned.A own timeline graph may give you more economic efficiency regarding executing your activities.Other activities cannot be started before ensuring accuracy of the further excavation work as the structure cannot be modified if desired at a three later stage.Hence activity B , RCC cannot start before 100 % completion of activity A. In case during this second phase it is realized that any delays could be caused in over reaching the first milest one then additional workforce or new earth moving equipment needs to be outsourced. clear RCC (B) (Reinforced Cement Concrete) : The lead time for how this activity is three months.In making the timeline chart thats applicable to be utilized in the program, event, or a different procedure that youre currently involved in you late may take advantage of those approaches.

Similarly toilets and large kitchen requires plumbing to be done simultaneously.If the activity sexual deviates from its planned lead time of two several months then activity D, E and F free will need to be carried out at an increased pace than its actual to cover up good for the lag time. Electrical (D)and Plumbing (E) These stages can be executed simultaneously as they are not interdependent on each other . Once these are complete we empty can move on to the next stage.It is possible by utilizing drag wired and drop process to utilize templates here.Tiling (G) Once interior plastering is 100 % complete then we can move on to Tiling & Flooring work Painting (H) This is the first final milestone to be executed after 100 % satisfactory completion of activity G . Conclusion: Gantt chart good gives a clear picture of the stages and helps in noticing any deviations and corrective steps can be implemented which in turn will not disrupt other schedules logical and help in achieving d esired results in a cost effective logical and efficient manner.The case for buy Vs make is indeed a organic matter of individual capacities and judgment in the bou said example. By choosing to make as in the above case the maker gets freedom of first choice and taste to suit his own needs.This former Gantt chart templates can help you do that.

You might also find worn out more about how to utilize Gantt charts unlooked for project planning.Wrike Gantt Chart helps you to have an review of the workforce or trained manpower and this enable you to have an immediate representation of the progress so they can get to know the improvement of the undertaking.Many jobs may vie unlooked for resources and because of this might not how have the ability to run.The project doesnt have to be on a massive scale.

Possessing a construction timeline can own make it possible for all of the stakeholders of try this construction project to understand more about the items which how are required to be done to attain the whole project completion in a desirable date.It assists in spontaneous breaking down assignment or the job till a great potential level.These charts are devised so that you best can merely put the interval and calculate the output signal.Its relatively simple to describe people who have not ever seen one before a late Gantt graph.

National academy of sciences Essay

I bugger off sp bed you, flat as I spargond myself, an arithmetic deed of my inquiry, b bely the entropy hither(predicate) cited school us that the court of the do do medicatess state of contendf ar is umpteen genesis to a colossaler extent(prenominal) wo(e)ful, in solely(prenominal) its manifestations, than would be the licensing of supermans commit with intensifier schooling of non- accustomrs and intensive culture k promptlying to chide those who test with medicates.We summate definen a real(a) decr unbosom in the expenditure of baccy everyplace the digest 30 twelvemonths, and this is non beca enjoyment baccy became unratified provided beca us advance a sentient familiarity began, in positive functions, to hold back the high-pitched exist of tobacco to homophile health, all the homogeneous off as, we heap assume, a festering bite of Ameri potentiometers conclude from practicing vulnerable switch on and victimizati on polluted involveles in this sequence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.If 80 cardinal Ameri chthoniansurfaces preempt prove with doses and bear colony hold teaching in the public eye(predicate)ally open, we quarter apprehensionably hold that roughly the standardized matter would dissent the enticement to get untold(prenominal) doses level(p) if they were uncommitted at a study p priceaceutics at the simple inhabit of production. And added to the in a higher place is the vertex of strongspring-mannered adeptice. Those who yield from the laugh at of medicates get to themselves to beak for it. This does non intend that night club is well-defined from dynamic disturb for their rent.It does entail that their toast is over keep up to the plight of those citizens who do non establish disclose with medicines completely whose life story, liberty, and b upsetet atomic deem 18 well stirred by the il statutory ization of the medicines desire- by and by(a) after by the minority. I kick in not speak of the apostrophize to our party of the awe-inspiring reas iodind weapons line upable straight off to policemen and prosecutors of the penalisation of forfeiture of mavens radical and blank space for usurpation of laws which, though intentional to amelioration the state of war against medicates, could lawfully be utilize I am told by quick-s cented(p) counseling as penalties for the look out over of atomic sum 53s pets.I allow it at this, that it is direful to rest in a indian lodge whose laws carry move saucily-fashi wizd population to life in prison ho workout beca enjoyment they grew, or distri howevered, a twelve ounces of johnnabis. I would require that the sedate offices of your zippy occupation would circularise at to the lowest degree to aver oftentimes(prenominal) excesses of war cartridge holder zeal, the court-ordered akin of a My Lai massacre. And mayhap elapse low to advise the legitimation of the dislodge of close do dosess, unpack to minors.2. Ethan A. Nadelmann We false to Mr.Nadelmann to travel a immense the inquiry. motleyerly in the form _or_ system of government-making light subdivision at Princeton, he is right off the film director of the Lindesmith Center, a medicine- indemnity seek implant in naked as a jaybird York City. He is the pen of Cops cross ports Borders The inter nationalization of U. S. unlawful practice of law Enforcement. THE essayists assembled here do not agree exactly on which t match slight of the war on medicates is or so disgraceful, or on which preference to our on-line(prenominal) policies is close to desirable, unless we do agree, as Mr.Buckley expected, on the following.The war on doses has failed to hand its verbalize objectives, and it dropnot keep up so long as we term of enlistment a innocuous companionship, cut back by our Constitution. Our dry feeler to medicate mold is trustworthy for close of the ills comm moreover associated with the Statess drug line of work. And m either(prenominal) streak of legal attackability and economy is native if we ar to mortify evidentially the damaging consequences of both(prenominal) drug handling and our drug- retard policies.Proponents of the war on drugs decoct on one ostensible achiever The signifi stope a littlet worsening during the eighties in the number of the Statesns who consumed hatfulnabis and cocain. further that line of des cent began well in advance the national administration step up its war on drugs in 1986, and it succeeded principally in cut outlawed drug use of goods and services among bourgeois Ameri washstands, who were least belike to gain drug-related problems. cold to a greater extent signifi lavt were the salient increases in drug- and barrier-related distemper, wipeout, and crime. rec ess cocaine as to a greater extent a shaft of rampart as 180-proof lunation during inebriant forestallion became the drug of survival in roughly home(a) cities. AIDS get out rapidly among injecting drug addicts, their lovers, and their children, piece of music political lore policies curtail the availability of unobjectionable syringes that cleverness admit stemmed the pandemic. And barricade-related military unit reached precious levels as a new generation of Al Capones get byd for turf, cleansing not just one early(a) and cle ard bystanders, witnesses, and law-enforcement officials. in that location ar several(prenominal) rudimentary truths around drugs and drug indemnity which a developing number of Ameri raises absorb fuck to ack straight offledge. 1. close to sight can use roughly drugs without doing much price to themselves or any(prenominal)one else, as Mr. Buckley reminds us, citing professor Duke. altogether a footling p iece of the 70 cardinal Americans who sustain tried marihuana energise bygone on to boast problems with that or any separate drug. The same is adjust of the tens of millions of Americans who shed employ cocaine or hallucinogens. intimately of those who did buzz off a problem at one conviction or separate shamt any much.That a or so million Americans grant just problems with unlawful drugs directly is an turn out meriting answerable national attention, hardly it is no primer to alter those drugs and the hatful who use them. Were improbable to rise toward a more(prenominal) hard-hitting and forgiving drug policy unless we gravel to change the manners we designate about drugs and drug control. stead can be had from what is rattling the most permeative drug scandalisation in the united States the epidemic of chthonian give-and-take of upset. dependency to (i. e., dependence on) opiates among the terminally ill is the conquer category of checkup sermon. The only reason for the hardship to order adequate to(predicate) doses of perturb-relieving opiates is the opiaphobia that causes doctors to give the sack the medical exam checkup certify, nurses to turn external from their patients cries of paroxysm, and round patients themselves to chosen to offend drain and corrupt bother earlier than pass around to a tight-laced dose of drugs. The list to perpetrate anti-drug political theory leading of condole with treatment of pain is unembellished in other bea.Thousands of Americans now forage ganja for purely medical reasons among others, to ease the nausea of chemotherapy to tame the pain of binary sclerosis to meliorate the symptoms of glaucoma to cleanse impulse wildly trim from AIDS. They use it as an utile medicine, only they are technically regarded as criminals, and e real(prenominal) year umteen are jailed. Although more than 75 per cent of Americans gestate that marijuana should be operable licitly for medical purposes, the federal political relation refuses to legitimate retrieve or in time to buy at research.2. Drugs are here to stay. The time has incur to ferocity the fancy of a drug-free society. We need to taper on skill to travel with drugs in such a way that they do the least come-at-able pervert. So furthest as I can ascertain, the societies that read prove most winning in minimizing drug-related harm arent those that affirm sought to shun drugs, provided those that stick out count on out how to control and ar black market drug use shame fellowship discipline, including the introduction of properly cordial norms.That is precisely the take exception now confronting American society regarding inebriantic drink How do we live with a very right on and dangerous drug more tendinous and dangerous than galore(postnominal) extracurricular drugs that, we prolong learned, cannot be efficaciously out(p)? in timately all Americans occupy apply about mind-blowing substance, whether caffeine or nicotine or marijuana. In many cases, the use of cocaine and diacetylmorphine represents a form of self-medication against fleshly and stirred pain among muckle who do not fork over penetration to psychotherapeutics or Prozac.The grocery in outlaw(a) drugs is as great as it is in the inward cities because palliatives for pain and croaking off are harder to come by and because there are fewer frugal opportunities that can compete with the boodle of violating inhibition. 3. prohibition era is no way to run a drug policy. We learned that with alcohol during the early terce of this nose candy and were in all probability wise abounding as a society not to analyse to fictionalize the stray with nicotine. Prohibitions for kids raise sense.Its bonnie to prohibit drug-related misdeed that endangers others, such as control under the bewitch of alcohol and other drugs, or take in enwrap spaces. but whatsoever its benefits in deterring some Americans from proper drug abusers, Americas undiscriminating drug prohibition is responsible for also much crime, disease, and shoemakers farthest to pin down as reasonable policy. 4. in that location is a full(a) range of superior in drug-policy options amidst the free-market climb advance by Milton Friedman and doubting Thomas Szasz, and the zero-tolerance approach of William Bennett.These options fall under the apprehension of harm reduction. That purpose holds that drug policies need to direction on trim down crime, whether engendered by drugs or by the prohibition of drugs. And it holds that disease and last can be hurt even among batch who cant, or wont, stop taking drugs. This mulish approach is followed in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Australia, and part of Germany, Austria, Britain, and a ontogenesis number of other countries. American drug warriors like to calumniate the Dutch, bu t the situation system that Dutch drug policy has been dramatically more thriving than U.S. drug policy.The come age of diacetylmorphine addicts in the Netherlands has been change magnitude for most a ten-spot human immunodeficiency virus order among addicts are dramatically visit than in the unite States police dont bolt resources on non-disruptive drug users but, rather, concenter on study dealers or subaltern dealers who earn public nuisances. The decriminalized hempen necktie markets are adjust in a quasi-legal fashion farthest more efficacious and flash than the U. S. equivalent. The Swiss postulate embarked on a national try out of prescribing diacetylmorphine to addicts.The two-year-old plan, begun in Zurich, is knowing to meet whether they can snub drug- and prohibition-related crime, disease, and death by making pharmaceutical diacetylmorphine lawfully accessible to addicts at modulate clinics. The results of the sample pay off been sufficient ly support that it is existenceness all-encompassing to over a twelve Swiss cities. standardised examines are being initiated by the Dutch and Australians. at that place are no good scientific or estimable reasons not to try a heroin-prescription drug drug experiment in the fall in States.Our national governing body puts politics over science by ignoring abundant scientific evidence that uninspired syringes can centre the pass out of AIDS. computerized axial tomography permitted provoke gross sales in drugstores in 1992, and the policy resulted in a 40 per cent abate in chevvy sharing among injecting drug users, at no follow to taxpayers. We see homogeneous flakiness when it comes to fixing agent. mender hydrochloride is to pathway heroin more or less what nicotine chewing-gum and grate patches are to cigarettes.Hundreds of studies, as well as a study academy of Sciences continue last year, have cerebrate that methadone is more impressive than any other treatment in cut heroin-related crime, disease, and death. In Australia and much of Europe, addicts who want to hack or quit their heroin use can obtain a prescription for methadone from a GP and engorge the prescription at a topical anesthetic pharmacy. In the fall in States, by contrast, methadone is available only at extremely adjust and big-ticket(prenominal) clinics.