History of Photography and the Camera (Timeline)

Several important achievements and milestones dating back to the ancient Greeks have contributed to the development of cameras and photography.   Here is a brief time timeline of the various breakthroughs with a description of its importance.   5th-4th Centuries B.C. Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles of optics and the camera. 1664-1666 Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors. 1727 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light. 1794 First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker. 1814 Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image using  an early device for projecting real-life imagery called a  camera obscura. However, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. 1837 Louis Daguerres first daguerreotype, an image that was fixed and did not fade and needed under thirty minutes of light exposure. 1840 First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera. 1841 William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process,  the first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple copies. 1843 The first advertisement with a photograph is published in Philadelphia. 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process  so that images required only two or three seconds of light exposure. 1859 Panoramic camera, called  the Sutton, is  patented. 1861 Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer. 1865 Photographs and photographic negatives are added to protected works under copyright law. 1871 Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process, which means negatives no longer had to be developed immediately. 1880 Eastman Dry Plate Company is founded. 1884 George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film. 1888 Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera. 1898 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film. 1900 First mass-marketed camera, called the Brownie, goes on sale. 1913/1914 First 35mm still camera is developed. 1927 General Electric invents the modern flash bulb. 1932 First light meter with photoelectric cell is  introduced. 1935 Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film. 1941 Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film. 1942 Chester Carlson receives a patent for electric photography (xerography). 1948 Edwin Land launches and  markets the Polaroid camera. 1954 Eastman Kodak introduces high-speed Tri-X film. 1960 EGG develops extreme depth underwater camera for U.S. Navy. 1963 Polaroid introduces the instant color film. 1968 Photograph of the Earth is taken from the moon. The photograph, Earthrise, is considered one of  the most influential environmental photographs ever taken. 1973 Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the SX-70 camera. 1977 Pioneers  George Eastman and Edwin Land are  inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. 1978 Konica introduces the first point-and-shoot autofocus camera. 1980 Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder for capturing moving picture. 1984 Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still camera. 1985 Pixar introduces the digital imaging processor. 1990 Eastman Kodak announces Photo Compact Disc as a digital image storage medium. 1999 Kyocera Corporation introduces the VP-210 VisualPhone, the worlds first mobile phone with built-in camera for recording videos and still photos.

The Gender Paradox Of Suicidal Behavior - 899 Words

The Gender Paradox of Suicidal Behaviour There is a significant disparity in suicide rates between males and females; more specifically, the rates of attempted and completed suicides are unbalanced. Studies conducted by CDC in 2015 show that males are nearly four times as successful in completion of suicide than females; however, the prevalence of suicidal thoughts is much higher among females than it is among males as shown in the 2013 research by SAMHSA (29). So if women are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide, why are men more likely to actually die from suicide? A biological study found that lower serotonin and higher dopamine levels in males causes them to be more depressed and impulsively act, therefore increasing the suicide rate (Kumpula). Other studies try to explain this without the interference of genetic differences. MoÅ›cicki reports that this paradox is due to the differential rate of depression and alcohol abuse between the genders (156 ). Canetto and Sakinofsky say that it is predominantly a cultural aspect, that is, different suicidal behaviours are expected of females and males (1). Callanan and Davis attribute this to the lethality of the methods chosen by men and women (Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 857). In this essay, I will be exploring Callanan and Davis’ theory to explain the higher rates of suicide in men, despite not attempting it as often as females. Men comprise 77.9% of all suicides (CDC 1) andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Epidemic of Male Suicide Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesconfusion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2012), provides facts such as, â€Å"Suicide among males is four times higher than among females and represents 79% of all U.S. suicides†. This gender paradox is one of the utmost compelling components regarding who is greatest at risk to attempt suicide. Why is it that men commit suic ide more often than women? More than four times as many men as women die by suicide because depressed men are less likelyRead MoreNegative Impact Of Gender Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence may be fading. In one new study, a majority of millennials surveyed argued that gender shouldn’t define us the way it has historically, and individuals shouldn’t feel pressure to conform to traditional gender roles or behaviors. Enforcing norms can even have health risks, according to another study. Some women’s colleges are now reportedly rethinking their admissions policies to account for gender non-conforming students. And even President Obama is getting in on the norm-questioning trend:Read MoreAccording To The Cdc, From 2011-2015 For Adolescent Hispanic1495 Words   |  6 Pagesask them to put that aside for their familys’. Zayas et al. (2005) states â€Å"†¦familism reflects the centrality of the family in the institutional structure of Latin American societies and the governing role of the family in the individual’s life and behavior†¦emphasizes maintenance of family cohesion, obligation and intense attachment to relative, and primacy of the family in the individual’s self-identity and social world.† The adolescent Latina is taught that family is first and is the most importantRead MoreThe Aids Epidemic1504 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility, fatality, and contractibility. (Capitanio Herek, 1999) For society, it is easy to create stigma of a disease whose cause for occurrence is based upon individual responsibility and â€Å"because the primary transmission routes for HIV are behaviors that are widely considered voluntary and immoral, PWHIVs (people with HIV) are regarded by a significant portion of the public as responsible for their condition and consequently are stigmatized,† (Capitanio, Herek). The disease was thought to beRead MoreCauses and Effects of Internet Addiction Among Students10456 Words   |  42 Pagesincreased hours visiting chat rooms, sex pages and blogs, male gender, divorced status, poor grades, and accessing the Internet outside of the home. The results of this study will allow health officials to recognise students who are Internet addicted or on the verge of becoming addicted and stress risk factors indicating a need for intervention in order to prevent the appearance of IA. Keywords: Greece, university students, Internet addiction, gender, academic performance, sex pages JEL classification: C83

Management In Global - Industry And Macro Environment

Question: Case study on management in Global Environment. Answer: Macro and Industry Environment in the Southeast Asian Region As opined by Studwell (2013), both the macro and industry environment in the Southeast Asian region for the new entrants such as new budget airlines is one of great potential. Roy (2014) added in this context that the success of the new budget airlines depends on the liberalization policy of the government. In order to more precise, when the government of this region liberalizes the airlines in their nations, the new budget airlines would able to make growth and acquire success as well. Stockport (2012) compared the Asian airlines industry with the airlines business of rest of the world and found that the Asian airlines industry was highly cost competitive. This is because of the suitable macro environment of the Southeast Asian Region for the airline business. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, no frills fliers were there that could have threatened the Asian airlines (Pauka, 2015). However, Studwell (2013) explained that some challenges as well as opportunities are associated with the macro and industry environment of Southeast Asian region. In the recent years, the competition in the Asian airlines has been increasing gradually. It has been found that the number of potential travelers increases day by day and this is the prime reason of the increasing competition. Besides, the successful existing businesses attract the new business and thus the completion in this region increases. Along with that, as the government regulations have decreased in this region, the businesses are able to explore opportunities where they could enhance their business (Stockport, 2012). Besides, the low fare Asian airlines increase the number of potential travelers and hence this growing number delivers opportunity to make more profits. Apart from this, the fuel cost along with the cost of ground operations and passenger services create challenges in balancing the cost and revenue (P auka, 2015). Demand for Low Fare Service in Asia-Pacific Region Liang (2012) mentioned that the income level in most of the Asian countries is way much lower than the income level of North America and Europe. Besides, the availability of the alternative transportation is comparatively higher in the Asia Pacific region. The airline industry confronts strong completion from the high speed rail as the rail fare is much lower than the fare in airlines. Jeddi et al. (2014) added in this context that small percentage of Asian travelers tends to utilize more expensive airlines. Further, it has been mentioned that the Asian consumers are more cost sensitive than the consumers of North America and Europe. The Asia travelers are highly attracted by the low fare transportation and thus the demand for low fare service in this specific region is way much higher in comparison with those two regions (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Furthermore, Mutum Ghazali (2014) stated that the modern technology changes the ways of leading life. The percentage of internet users increases rapidly across the world. However, the Asian consumers are still limited in full potential utilization of internet resources. They are highly dependent on the middle man and travel agents. Before the low fare airlines services in Asian Pacific region, the middle income and low income groups could not ever think to use airline services. These are the reason that the airline industry applied low price strategy (Francis, 2012). The low fare airline services enhance the demand for the airline services in this specific region. Further, the airline industry in Asia targets the customers who would not use their service if the price is higher (Pauka, 2015). This is the prime reason that the demand for lower fare service is comparatively higher in the Asian Pacific region than the North America and Europe. AirAsias Generic Strategy As per the discussion of Kamisan King (2013), AirAsia tries to emulate efficient operational strategies of Ryanair and successful people-oriented strategies of Southwest. It is important to note that the Southwest and Ryanair adapted the specific strategies to differentiate themselves in the American and European markets. In these specific markets, large number of lost cost service providers is present and thus it created the airline industry highly competitive. These strategies helped them to acquire competitive advantages and this is the reason that AirAsia imitate these strategies. AirAsia is similar with Ryanair and Southwest in terms of operational and people oriented strategies. However, some factors are there based on which the AirAsias generic strategy can be differentiated with the strategies of other incumbent carriers and the strategies of Ryanair and Southwest as well. Majumdar (2015) defined the generic strategy as the cost minimization, product differentiation and market focus strategy. Jeddi et al. (2014) elaborated that the cost leadership strategy of AirAsia led them to increase their revenue and profit by reducing the operational cost. Along with that, they charge industry-average price for their service which is the largest difference between their strategy and the strategies of other incumbent carriers. Besides, the company increased their market share by charging lower price. In this context, it is essential to mention that still they are able to make reasonable profit in each sale because they reduced the cost of the business (Yashodha, 2012). Further, the differentiation strategy defines that their prime focus centered on the research, development and innovation which led them to success (Lee Dy, 2015). The differentiation strategy helped them to offer high quality service at lower possible price. Through focusing on the innovative techniques, they are able to enhance the quality of their service. Lastly, through their market focus strategy, they concentrate on the need of the market and develop uniquely low cost service (Birla, 2013). In Asian Pacific region, people are more price sensitive and thus the business adapted low pricing strategy in order to attract more number of travelers (Hongdiyanto, 2012). The generic strategy made them worlds most successful budget airline (Wong, 2014). Role of Fernandes in this Case The case study clears that Fernandes was well aware about the economic and operational uncertainties and risks. Further, the case indicates that Fernandes has played crucial role in the decision making process by considering the differences of this geographic region. When he took over Asia, he has taken professional advices from Conor McCarthy of Ryanair and some other business professionals who have been successfully leading their business. However, Hongdiyanto (2012) discussed that when Fernandes took over AirAsia in the year 2001, the business could led to the failure. Considering an incident, the September 11 attacks lead the air travel downturn. This was the one of the major threat that he has ever faced in the business (Hongdiyanto, 2012). At that time, Fernandes still decided to take risk and relaunch the airline. It has been decided by predicting that the dropping airlift leasing cost and availability of experienced staffs would help them to lead to business towards success ( Hongdiyanto, 2012). Furthermore, form the case study, it has been noticed that Fernandes might have overlooked the area of macro political risks. In this context, it is important to note that major political decisions likely to affect all industries in a country or region. In order to support the statements with an example, it can be stated that several political issues that a number of Asian countries are continuously confronting might spillover effects on the airline industry (Temporal, 2012). It has been found that political instability, discrimination issues, corruption problems, currency fluctuations, and religious turmoil in the Asian Pacific region are the major factors that might affect the airline industry (Temporal, 2012). Entrepreneurial Strategy of Fernandes Following the statement of Steyer (2015), a strong entrepreneurial spirit along with the determination necessary led Fernandes to achieve the purpose of the business. It has been noted that he was insightful, flexible, and responsive to change. This helped him to deal with major challenges and uncertainties. Jeddi et al. (2014) identified the prime entrepreneurial strategies of Fernandes that helped him to make the business 'World's Best Low Cost Airline'. Crucial focus of Fernandes centered on the strategies that include branding, marketing, good grasp of finance, no fear of failure, digital technology, corporate culture and government support. Fernandes placed the branding strategy on the top of their pricing strategy as he believed that only profit is not enough for the success of a business. Along with the branding strategy, it is important to adapt effective marketing policy to make themselves known to the customers. Besides, the personal knowledge about finance and education of Fernandes helped in leading the business (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Apart from all this, the most important strategy is to omitting fear of being failure. This was the reason that he took risk in the most difficult situation and made it successful. The digital technology has been widely incorporated by him in the business that helped them in their operational management (Lee Dy, 2015). The corporate culture along with government support of Asian Pacific region helped Fernandes to bring innovation and apply strategic policies in the business (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). The above discussion clears the fact that Fernandes' entrepreneurial strategy led the business in market position where it is placed today. Response of AirAsia to Challenges As opined by Kamisan King (2013), the core advantage that the business has, is of being first to the market. This gave the competitive advantages in terms of brand image, customer loyalty and government support. Further, AirAsia has the established knowledge of Asian culture that gave them advantage over the potential multinational competitors. AirAsia has the necessary factors which are needed for the business expansion. The business has significant resources, credibility and planning capacity that could help the business to expand their business in the international market before its major competitors (Steyer, 2015). However, the business have not confronted any hitches of bureaucracy, lack of efficiency, stagnant organizational culture and prevalent in incumbent and expensive carriers (Kamisan King, 2013). These would help the business to respond to the challenges of new fare carriers entering in the Asian market and low fare strategies pursued by incumbent carriers. According to Jeddi et al. (2014), the most effective approach of this particular business is to maximize their capitalizing policy rather than creating hostile competition. They should maintain positive relation with the government of Asian Pacific region to neutralize the threat of government (Steyer, 2015). As per my knowledge, it is likely that through maintaining positive relation with the government, AirAsia could maintain their competitive nature strong in the market. Asian Passenger Air Transport Marketplace As per the statement of Studwell (2013), Asian Pacific region is similar with North America and Europe to some extent in terms of business market. As per my knowledge, as new businesses will enter in the existing market to offer low price services, the market becomes more competitive in nature. As a result, the consumers' perspectives, their decisions and choices will be fluctuated and thus the business of AirAsia will be affected (Kamisan King, 2013). As the Asian travelers are more price conscious, they do not stick into their loyalty, rather they would be attracted by the services which is offered at lower prices (Mutum Ghazali, 2014). Some lessons can be drawn from American and European region. Temporal (2012) mentioned that some promotional tools may be incorporated and applied to keep their position and reputation unaffected. Further, it would help to maintain good customer relationship and customer loyalty as well. These promotional tools include mileage accumulation, frequent and timely scheduled, and more availability of routes (Temporal, 2012). Through including wide range of locations in their service, they would able to acquire competitive advantages and attract more customers. From North American and Europe experience, it can be learnt that sooner implementation would help to obtain competitive advantages. The profitability of AirAsia attracts more businesses which may enter soon and apply the same strategies which have been applied by the business (Yashodha, 2012). Furthermore, the number of Asian travelers also increases, that competition in the Asian pacific region will be increased more. Thus, it is a dvisable that AirAsia should incorporate these promotional tools sooner than rather than waiting for the later applications (Kamisan King, 2013). My Assessment From the case study, it has been found that AirAsia has proven that they had the ability to operate the budget airline successfully. They should enhance their ability their ability as well as capital by expanding their business in the similar business market such as China, Australia, India, and Europe. Through expanding their business market, not only they would be able to earn more profit, but also able to generate sustainable competitive advantages. In the present situation, it is expected that the competition would be increased to a larger extent. Thus, it is important for AirAsia to apply new strategic policies to maintain their position in the world airline business. However, it is essential to note that the business environment of other countries would be differed than the environment where it is operating now. Thus, AirAsia should identify the markets where they would confront less risk and more opportunity to enhance their business. Effective policies and strategies would hel p to acquire more competitive advantages over its existing as well as probable competitors. Apart from this, it is expected that customer loyalty might be hampered due to the new entrants. As the new business would offer low price services, the travelers of the Asian Pacific region would be attracted. However, it is important to note that if the new services would be provided at lower prices in comparison with AirAsia, then AirAsia could confront strong competition. This might shake out current business position of the company. Thus, it is suggested that the company should expand their business in new markets. Reference List Birla, M. (2013).Unleashing Creativity and Innovation: Nine Lessons from Nature for Enterprise Growth and Career Success. John Wiley Sons. Francis, L. (2012). Buy and diversify: AirAsia looks to raise cash via IPOs and launch'a few more airlines' in next six months.Aviation Week Space Technology,174(39). Hongdiyanto, C. (2012). Study Of AirAsia; World's Best Low-Cost Airline. Proceeding. Innovation In Technology, Information, And Management Concerning Worldwide Economic ChallengeVol. 5, February 2012ISSN: 1978-774X-International Seminar On Industrial Engineering and Management (ISIEM). Jeddi, A. R., Renani, N. G., Khademi, A., Shokri, V., Noordin, M. Y. (2014). Low-Cost Strategy Factors in Airline Industry: The AirAsia Case. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 845, pp. 652-657). Trans Tech Publications. Kamisan, A. P., King, B. E. (2013). Transactional and transformational leadership: A comparative study of the difference between Tony Fernandes (Airasia) and Idris Jala (Malaysia Airlines) leadership styles from 2005-2009.International Journal of Business and Management,8(24), 107. Lee, J. W., Dy, M. (2015). Mitigating Effective ControlRestriction on Joint Venture Airlines in Asia: Philippine AirAsia Case.Air and Space Law,40(3), 231-253. Liang, C. W. (2012). An exploratory study on Airasias critical internal success factors: a resource-based view of sustainable competitive advantage of low-cost airline business model. Majumdar, S. (2015). Michael Porter's Generic Strategy of Cost Leadership-Pertinent Issues.The MA Journal,50(2), 37-42. Mutum, D. S., Ghazali, E. M. (2014). Case Study 14: Air Asia: Using Social Media to Reach Out to New Customers. InMarketing Cases from Emerging Markets(pp. 143-147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pauka, C. (2015). Learning from success.MHD Supply Chain Solutions,45(2), 6. Roy, A. M. (2014). Air Asia: what has made it Asia's largest budget airline?.Academy of Taiwan business management review,10(3), 28-32. Steyer, D. F. (2015). Brand Engagement Ceo Airasia Tony Fernandes Saat Krisis Merek: Studi Kasus Insiden Airasia QZ8501.Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Bakrie,3(03). Stockport, G. J. (2012). AirAsiaflying high.International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business,4(3-4), 324-333. Studwell, J. (2013).How Asia works: Success and failure in the world's most dynamic region. Grove/Atlantic, Inc.. Temporal, P. (2012).Asia's star brands. John Wiley Sons. Wong, W. M. (2014). AirAsia's Application of the'Thirty-Six Stratagems'.Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences,13(1). Yashodha, Y. (2012). AirAsia Berhad: Strategic analysis of a leading low cost carrier in the Asian region.Elixir International Journal of Management Arts,51, 11164-11171.

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay Example For Students

In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos Essay In Decline and Fall, Waugh uses many techniques to produce satire; these include irony, hyperbole and litotes, juxtaposition and bathos. Through these, he wishes to make a condemning comment on the society around him particularly the upper class, the education system, the judiciary system and at the same time illustrate the loss of significance of religion in that society. Although Waugh makes fun of these institutions, he does not offer or suggest a moral code by which these should operate. His prime aim is to simply make a comment and make people aware of the vulgarity and irrationality of society. Throughout the whole book the style is split between objective commentary and emotional character dialogue. The contrast of the strict and tight wording of the narration and the ridiculousness of the events it is describing is incongruous which creates humour. The narration in the beginning of chapter Eight The Sports is humours because it is so detailed to the extent that it becomes ridiculous: It was the colour of indelible ink on blotting paper, and was ornamented at the waist with flowers of emerald green and pink. The strange imagery of blotting paper and the triviality of the subject at hand does not deserve such elevated language, but the fact that Waugh gave it so much attention makes it humorous. The incongruity here suggests overall ridiculousness of the events that are taking place, namely the sports day, which then relates to Fagans running of the school. The book is in three parts: the first concentrates on the contemporary public school system. In this part of the novel Waugh ridicules the incompetence, shallowness and moral decadence of public schools. In the Notice of Vacancy, Fagan tells applicants to enclose copies of testimonials and photographs, if advisable. This seeming made up joke was actually taken from a real advertisement for a teaching post. By associating this ridiculous request with Fagan, the head of Llanabba Castle, Waugh gives the impression that Fagan is an irresponsible, inexperienced and light minded headmaster. It is ironical that a public school should be run by such an incompetent man. These traits do not make a good headmaster as readers see later, at the sports day, when Fagan makes every effort to make a spectacle of the event, while ignoring all values traditionally associated with sports day, such as sportsmanship, honesty and honour. He passed on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Pennyfeather, if you would with tact direct the photographer so that more prominence was given to Mrs Beste-Chetwyndes Hispano Suiza than to Lady Circumferences little motor car, I think it would e all to the good. By letting Fagan worry about petty things like that, Waugh again uses irony to mock Fagan and his running of the school. Another technique Waugh uses is innuendo. This is particularly effective when the subject at hand is especially taboo, such is the case with the relationship between Captain Grimes and Clutterbuck. There is an implied sexual relationship between the two. : You cant keep me in. Im taking a walk with Captain Grimes' Paedophilia in Waughs time was a most taboo topic but Waugh raises the issue in Decline and Fall and associates both the older and younger participants in the relationship to Llanabba Castle School. The use of innuendo to describe the paedophilic nature of their relationship here then only discredits the schools moral values. Waugh also uses bathos to mock and ridicule in the novel. Prendergast, the clergyman at the school, suffers from doubts about his religion. He is therefore where he is; teaching religion at Llanabba Castle. : I asked my bishop; he didnt know. He said that he didnt think the point really arose as far as my practical duties as a parish priest were concerned. If Prendergast has lost his faith in the religion he is supposed to teach, then certainly he is unsuitable to teach it. .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postImageUrl , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:visited , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active { border:0!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:active , .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04260f4d1785f26cef6aaa74b05fd14f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Class An Inspector Calls EssayPrendergast also becomes drunk at the sports day and shoots a boy in his foot. Even after the shooting Prendergast does not realise his wrongdoing, instead he says: First blood to me! However, Fagan keeps him as a teacher, and this clearly shows a collapse in values, and hints at the loss of significance of religion in schools at least. Waugh cleverly uses the names of characters to satirise their personalities. Paul is supposed to be easily pushed around, and light in his self defence, and is thus called Pennyfeather. Margot manipulates and lies to people to achieve her aims, and is therefore called Beste-Chetwynde, which in Irish is pronounced Best-Cheating. Digby-Vane Trumpinton can only suggest vainity and lack of purpose. Dr Fagans name echoes Fagin who keeps a school of boy pickpockets in Dickens Oliver Twist. This allusion further underlines Fagans corrupt teaching ways at Llanabba Castle. Waugh also mocks Welsh culture by giving Welsh cities and land marks names simply impossible to pronounce, such as Llanabba and Cymbrggpade. Waugh also utilises litotes to taunt the upper classes, especially Grimes and Margot Beste-Chetwynde. Grimes describes himself as being in the soup and he seems to be in quite serious trouble. However, he remains calm and collected, saying that hell get out of it, simply because hes a public school man: they might kick you out, but theyll never leave you behind. And with his connection to his former public school, he has escaped execution and imprisonment. There is definitely a corrupt system here which is making the law a mere joke. Margot describes her business in South America simply as an Entertainment company. But the readers know its much more than just entertainment. Paul however does not see this, and agrees to go to Marsailles for Margot who obviously knows that this is a very dangerous trip to give the right man a few hundred francs to sort out business. The use of euphemism tricks Paul into thinking that its simply paying a man his wages, but it is in fact a rather large sum of bribery and breaking the law quite severely. This episode adds to the mocking of Pauls naivety and Margots coldness in using those around her for her corrupt benefit. Waugh uses paradox to illustrate the failure of the prison system. The chapter titles Stone walls do not a prison make and nor iron bars a cage simply mock the dysfunction of prisons. Grimes climbs onto a horse and easily escapes from prison and eludes police. Obviously something is wrong when a man can escape from prison so easily. Paul doesnt find prison life bad at all, rather he finds it relaxing and better than the lifestyle he had while living with Margot Beste-Chetwynde. This compounded with the fact that a mad man managed to commit an atrocious murder inside the prison clearly shows that imprisonment isnt working as it is supposed to. In Decline and Fall Waugh uses many different techniques to illustrate his themes. Incongruity, litotes and bathos all contribute to satirising aspects of society. In the end he does not propose an ideal code of honour to direct change, but his listing of moral deficiency in the educational system and the upper classes demands reform. Some readers might even identify themselves with characters in the novel and begin the path to change.