Factory Gate Pricing (FGP) Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Factory Gate Pricing (FGP) Definition - Essay Example This essay stresses that since the business of groceries involves a variety of different skills at each level of the supply chain, FGPs can make value addition transparent and encourage channel members to specialize in the greater consumer benefit. Agriculturists should not have to worry about transport and logistics, and should focus on productivity and food safety instead. Recent incidences of mad cow disease and bid flu have put new premiums on growing technology. Concerns about chemical pollution also need dedicated attention. Farmers should have attractive FGPs for quality produce that meets specifications at affordable rates. Processing uses a completely different set of technologies. Processors need FGPs which encourage proper investments in dressing meat, removing harmful microbes and extending shelf-life. Processors may also contribute to visual appeal of grocery products through preservation techniques which retain original forms and qualities. Transportation and logistics are specialized areas of operational excellence which other members of the chain need not duplicate. Equitable and transparent FGPs will benefit all stakeholders involved with groceries. This paper declares that partners in the grocery supply chain who lack core competencies in Information Technology may face potential exclusion with the introduction of FGP. Participants and traders who do not have sophisticated product costing systems in place may lose many revenue opportunities by understating their FGPs. This is especially the case with agriculturists who may not have very detailed and accurate accounting systems. FGPs do exist in the grocery business already, but there is little transparency of how these price levels are fixed. They are also unrelated to value addition, and are influenced instead by negotiating leverage. This rarely operates in

Dr Martin Luther Kings I have a Dream Speech Assignment

Dr Martin Luther Kings I have a Dream Speech - Assignment Example It seeks to redeem the promise for the Negroes of America to also equally enjoy the â€Å"riches of freedom and the security of justice†. The speech became very effective that it became one of the greatest speech of all time because it effectively used the rhetorical devices of pathos, ethos and logos. The speech began by agitating the audience through the use of ethos or emotion by first mentioning the broken promise of the Emancipation Proclamation which should have freed the Negro slaves and yet the Negro is still enslaved. They are still being discriminated against not only in the buses and restaurants but also in opportunities which America had promised to give everybody an equal access. He elaborated the plight of the Negro as he languished in poverty and misery which his audience could relate. Further, he fanned this flamed emotion (ethos) by appealing to their desires to be free and equal by the speech’s main theme of his dream which is also the dream of every Negro. As Dr Martin Luther King enunciates his dream, he called for restraint and unity as they struggle for equality with everybody. This sobriet y despite mass support reinforced his ethos or integrity of character. He could have called for a revolution and with his popularity, his supporters and people would have heeded. But Reverend King chose to protest and air his grievance peacefully. It has to be remembered that Luther King is a Pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Being such, Dr King is highly respected and embodied the ethos of his speech. His speech, while it calls for activism when he mentioned â€Å"now is the time† supports the loftiness of his character as he pursue that dream of his saying â€Å"I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places plains and the crooked places will be made straight, and before the Lord will be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together†.  The Logos or the logic of the speech is undeniable.  

IT Management Essay Example for Free

IT Management Essay Database management is an important aspect of any modern organization given the massive growth of data volumes as a result of regulations on data storage as well as the increase in transactions and communication channels. This paper presents issues arising form the task of managing information through its lifecycle; specifically for companies based on PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, CRM, Oracle E-business suite, supplier relationship management (SRM) or ERP applications which are increasingly being affected by expanding data volumes within them. The article brings into perspective, ILM; which seeks to optimize on data by employing processes, policies tools and practices essential in linking the information’s business value with the most cost effective and appropriate IT systems from its conception to the time its disposed. While the current processes of defining, managing and storing data lack emphasis on its management, ILM provides a solution for effectively managing organization data applications. It is imperative to emphasize on the now prevalent decline in business agility as a result of problems with data volumes so as to keep data management cost down by taking an enterprise approach in managing data as records. ILM supports this. The findings that 56 percent lack interest in implementing ILM strategies or that they do not know of any ILM efforts within their organizations is biased considering that the enterprise approach is a relatively new approach to organizational information management. It is the current data systems that have failed as they only allow firms to handle problems as they occur and not that firms are reactive or else undisciplined about their data challenges. The finding that most firms either do not know or allocate minimal ILM strategy budgets ought to have outlined a parallel study of efforts made in alternative data management approaches. ILM introduces a cohesive strategy for the management of information across the organization which is exactly what is needed in modern business environments. Although ILM is promising, the author ought to have compared the findings with firms’ preference for alternative systems or even priorities as well as its fit with the current technology levels. The study also does not highlight the relative costs of implementing ILM with respect to the firms’ profit margins while outlining the implementation levels for ILM. However, ILM is an important strategy for data that need to meet certain legal storage mandates although it does not assess relative cost maintaining such information as opposed to frequency of events requiring this information. While the author addresses the issues of difficulties in determining information’s life cycle, he does not address the limitations of legal determinants which could jeopardize the gains from ILM. Nolan, R. McFarlan, W. (2005). Information Technology and the Board of Directors: Building an IT Governance Committee. Harvard Business Review, 83 (10),  In such a digital age as this, it is imperative that any organization invest in a strong governance committee on IT that can oversee the formulation and integration of IT policies into the company’s competitive advantage strategy. Warren McFarlan and Richard Nolan detail the basics of establishing and maintaining an IT governance committee. An IT governance committee is paramount in developing a custom framework on which an organization’s IT policies are founded thus enabling a firm to avoid applying other companies’ best strategies which may not fit into the modern nature business strategy. The authors elaborate on the three key approaches that are essential in guiding any company in building an effective IT governance committee: appointing the suitable personnel as well as their chairman; assessing how the committee would link to the audit committee; and the preparation of the committee’s charter. The first two are particularly more important. Independence is vital for any modern-day committee effectiveness just as the authors recommend the independence of the IT committee. Noting the importance of the importance of mentorship and expertise, McFarlan and Nolan emphasize on a chairman who’s either an IT professional (for strategic mode firms) or has past experience (for factory, turn around and support mode firms) in a successful IT-strategy based firm. In all cases, being IT-savvy, understanding an organization and its business needs as well as the systems architecture is paramount in addressing the bigger picture; technology’s potential to change the outlook of the business economy and this supports the characterization of the modern-day business leaders. In this regard, the authors emphasize on selecting a chairman or at least an IT professional who can successfully balance the short-term needs of the firm with its long-term IT investments. Since distraction by difficulties stifle IT integration, the importance of the committee and especially IT experts is addressed as they understand the important dynamics governing technological advancement both at the board and senior management level and thus can appropriately criticize all in-house entrenched thinking. The current scarcity of such experts explains the reason for the increase in number of IT consultants. The article addresses the current issues relating to accountability to the regulatory and economic objectives through alignment with the audit department. However, drastic changes characterizing the advancement in IT would necessitate a considerable number of the committee be composed of IT professionals rather the one or a few suggested by McFarlan and Nolan. Gary, S. , Alice, G. Alexis, F. Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-30. Gaithersburg, MD. Risk management has become an important aspect of the information technology management system. Gary, Alice and Alexis emphasize on the role of IT-risk management amidst the increasingly growing use of automated information systems aimed at protecting organization’s information assets from IT based risks. IT risk management is largely a management function as this IT guides confirms through focus on the companies mission rather than the IT experts only as the firm’s capacity to perform its mission is affected by these risks. The guide outlines the practical guidelines and the available cost-effective security systems essential in protecting the mission information which is an imperative in the modern world. This guide is literary applicable in every angle of every firm as it can be easily expanded or abbreviated to tailor it to fit specific organizational situations. Apart from enabling firms’ IT departments to be accountable for IT budgets, the guide is also helpful in guiding the accreditation of the IT systems. This guide is an important resource for a wide rage of IT users: the non-technical and technical staff as well as the experienced and the non-experienced ones. Therefore this guide does not only provide an overview of IT risk management but also evaluates how such a process would rhyme with the all the phases of the system development lifecycle (SLDC) as well as detailing the obligations of individuals who usually support and apply this process. In this regard, the guide provides a clear methodology for IT risk management as well as its relation to the system accreditation. This is made simpler by the provision of system-based information essential in defining the IT system as well as its operating environment. For such a process, it is important that supporting material such as the samples for the documentation of the results for risk assessment, as well as samples of a security implementation plan be addressed more keenly as they are essential in improving the effectiveness of the guide. It also focuses on modern-day needs such as enabling IT individuals to customize their IT systems to fit into effective control systems. The authors address the importance of assessing the knowledge gap within the organization as relates to process of implementing information technology management systems. Although not related to the topic at hand, the example on electric power and railroads does address the key idea of being aware of the knowledge gap in the appropriate way so as to make the most out of IT systems’ opportunities. While it may be true that IT technologies’ cost performance had changed to the magnitude of about 107 in at the time of this study, it is no guarantee that it is going to evolve at this same as the author suggests given the tremendous growth in technology and educational advancement. The authors focus on cost effectiveness and the ability to do things differently through the transformational opportunities offered by IT integration as with the examples of American Hospital Supply’s and American Airlines SABRE. In this regard, they emphasize on the knowledge about IT’s associated economics. Strategic implementation and management of IT networks in organizations has made organizations capable of extending their scope globally to take strategic advantage of IT integration. This is because the authors address specifically the fast changing pace of business operations with regards to assumptions and rules of business competition and this an important resource for modern-day senior management and CEOs who are charged with the responsibility of diversifying into intangible services that are information based. While its clear that technology is increasingly growing, it implies that the opportunities due to IT integration are bound to increase; it also implies that companies venturing into IT management can differentiate their services and cost and product features not only for sometime to come as the author puts it but for an indefinite time provided there is follow up. However, the author provides a two lenses approach that provides a holistic approach towards IT integration. However, the authors do not note the likely challenges that the highly dynamic and drastically changing IT infrastructure as driven by competition may cost. In this regard, the article emphasize on roles of CIO and CTO.

Lesson Planning For Inclusive Classroom

Lesson Planning For Inclusive Classroom I found three lesson plans for elementary school kindergarten, middle school grade 7-8, and high school grade 9-10. The first lesson plan is â€Å"The Four Seasons on Earth† by Kimberlee McElroy on teachnology.com. I found this lesson plan to be useful in accommodating children with learning disabilities (LD). The objective of this lesson plan is â€Å"for students to be able to name all the four seasons and to be able to describe how the weather of the seasons and to also be able to determine what should be wore and what activities are fitting for the different seasons† (McElroy, 2012). This lesson plan was designed for students who have a language impairment and to help them be able to increase their knowledge of vocabulary and their usage related to the four seasons. â€Å"Vocabulary is critical to reading success for three reasons: comprehension improves when you know what the words mean, words are the currency of communication and a robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication such as listening, speaking, reading and writing, and when children and adolescents improve their vocabulary, their academic and social confidence and competence improve, too† (Alexander, n.d. ). This lesson plan is made especially for students with LD. It will help to increase a child’s vocabulary and can also be adjusted to meet the needs of each child who has an IEP. It accommodates all types of learners and not just one type of learner. Some adaptations that could be made to the lesson plan include visual aides for the students such as real pictures of the different seasons. Different clothing items can be brought in to show what appropriate clothing is for that time of year. Also, different foods can be brought in for each of the seasons such as vegetable soup or vegetable beef soup for winter. The students can create a book of their own on each of the seasons and draw pictures or bring in pictures or items for the different seasons. Students can also write a few words that relate to the particular season such as cold, snow, and white. Those can be vocabulary words as well. Graphic organizers can be used to help a students to be able to organize the words for each season. â€Å"Graphic organizers may greatly assist students with learning disabilities in connecting new material to prior knowledge, identifying main ideas and supporting details, drawing inferences, and creating effective problem-solving strategiesâ⠂¬  (Wayne, 2011, para. 10). The lesson plan that I am using already has accommodations for special needs students such as visual sentence starters and verbal prompts. I believe I could pair students who have a learning disability with a non disabled child and have them work to help each other with their books by giving suggestions and helping to say the vocabulary words. For a child with LD, they may not be able to write a word such as snow very well so I would create a worksheet for them to be able to trace the letters. The second lesson plan is â€Å"The Pearl† by John Blackwell on teachnology.com. This is a lesson plan for grades 7-8. The objective for this lesson plan is to â€Å"Facilitate understanding of the importance of rules in society, relate decision-making skills to each students own personal experiences, foster an appreciation for reading, and help students develop an understanding for what the authors point of view and what they are trying to convey† (Blackwell, 2012). This lesson plan is tailored to meet the needs of special education students. This lesson plan was designed to help students in middle school grades to be able to enhance their reading comprehension, read novels, and to learn appropriate decision making skills (Blackwell, 2012). Reading comprehension is important for students to learn in order to be able to understand what is it that they are reading and the words that they are reading. â€Å"Without comprehension, reading is simply following words on a pa ge from left to right while sounding them out and the words on the page have no meaning and while people read for many different reasons, the chief goal is to derive some understanding of what the writer is trying to convey and make use of that information – whether for fact gathering, learning a new skill, or for pleasure† (Marshall, 2014, para. 2). Some adaptations that could be used are allowing the students to read aloud to the class if they are comfortable enough to do so. Also, the students could get in groups and act out parts of the book that way students can visually see what the story is about. A research-based strategy that can be used is a concept map and it works just like graphic organizers. They can help a child to brainstorm and map out ideas. A concept map can be used before reading begins and students can share what they already know about a concept. Then, when the reading begins, students can add to the map as a group as the story progresses. Students can also draw pictures to help them remember or understand or even use pictures form the internet or cut out to help them (Reading Rockets, 2015). This lesson plan has accommodations already but some accommodations I could recommend is allowing a students to use a text to speech program to have the book read to them if they have difficulty with reading or communication disorder. For the particular book in the lesson plan, there is an audible version of the book for students to be able to listen to the story and follow along. For a final report, accommodations such as being able to use speak to text software can help a students to be able to write their report if they have a hard time typing or writing. That way the can see what is being typed out instead of having errors throughout their paper. They also can be paired up with a partner that can help them to write their paper and get in it on time. For the last lesson plan, I chose â€Å"My Country† by Donna Lewis on teachnology.com. This lesson plan is for grades 9-10 and the objective of this lesson plan is for students to be able to apply the theories of the government, economics, and also sociology and they will be able to create their own country and do research to gather information. They will design their own government, pick a location, and create their own flag (Lewis, 2014). This lesson plan is designed to accommodate special needs students and they will be working in teams to create their own country and government. It also teaches the students about the government and also how to do research. It helps students to be able to create their own country and to see what it takes to run it. It teaches them to be able to apply concepts to real world situations they will face. Civic education means explicit and continuing study of the basic concepts and values underlying our democratic political community and constitu tional order and civic education also involves development of skills in making decisions about public issues and participating in public affairs† (Hoge, 1988, para. 2). Even students with special needs has to be able to understand how government works and how to handle public issues and to make decisions. I see this lesson plan helping a students with LD or CD to be able to use critical thinking, learn concepts to use in the real world, and to also learn how to use public speaking to their advantage. It can help to build up their confidence. Some adaptations that could be made is possibly taking a field trip to a government building such as the state capital to learn and see how the government functions on a daily basis. They can take notes and they can have a classmate help them take notes and help to translate anything a special needs students may not understand. Also, it could be arranged for the students to act out certain types of the government to help them understand how it works and hat they would like to use to develop their country. They could act out the signing of the declaration of independence and develop ideas on how to create their own. If the students is not comfortable n acting out in front of the class, then the students and team members can do it in front of the teacher only. If they are not comfortable speaking then they can use a text to speech program to speak for them and also if they have trouble with communication. A research-based strategy I really feel that works with this lesson plan is a gra phic organizer. â€Å"Graphic organizers help students to visually display, interpret, and understand complex topics† (Ketcham, 2010). I feel a graphic organizer can help students with LD and CD and even non disabled students to be able to organize their thoughts and the information they find for their design of their own country. This lesson plan has some accommodations already for it such as talking software and spelling and writing software to help students who have reading issues and difficulty writing and spelling. A speech to text software such as Dragon can be used to help students write their paper for their final project. Assigning someone from another class to help a student who may be struggling to understand the work or the assignments and reading material. Allowing the students to be assessed verbally daily can help them to be able to say what they have learned rather than type it or write it. Questions can be asked and they can answer verbally. Some ways I feel that a teacher could leverage learning strategies is by cooperative learning groups which can help students to be able to help one another. Putting non disabled students who have a firm understanding of the lesson plan can help the students with LD and CD. This goes for all of the grade level lesson plans I chose. Also, setting objectives and providing feedback can help the students to set goals at the beginning of the lesson and to set a time frame to meet those goals. Daily goals can be set by the teacher and the student. â€Å"Setting objectives establishes directions for learning and student benefit when they personalize goals set by teachers†(Pennsylvania Department of Education [PDE], 2009). Allowing students to summarize and take notes can help them along in the lesson plan to write down important information needed for an assignment. Some social interaction for all the grade level lesson plans is having the students to introduce themselves at the begin ning of the year or the beginning of a new semester or quarter. The students can write down information about themselves or they can be paired up with another students and let them introduce each other to the class. Class discussions can be done in the beginning of class about the lesson plan and also after the lesson. It is a great way to get the students to give their input on the assignment and to interact with one another. Have the students do group presentations. It can help to divide up the workload on big assignments such as the lesson plan for high school and can help students with LD and CD to have less of a burden and to also help to keep their stress level down. Some behavior supports that would work within these lesson plans are making sure the classroom environment is accommodated for students with special needs. An example is a students with ADHD. They should not be seated where there is high traffic or loud areas and away from anything that may distract them from lear ning. Having a set class schedule or routine can help students to know what is going to happen during that class period. It can help to reduce the anxiety and keep frustrations down. â€Å"A classroom schedule that is well-designed and is implemented consistently may be the single most important factor in preventing challenging behaviors† (Ruef, Higgins, Glaeser, Patnode, n.d., p. 7). Allowing the students to be able to make choices in their lives and in class can help to reduce behavioral problems. With the students being able to have input in decision making, it will help to build their self confidence and to also have a say in what goes on in their daily lives and routines within reasonable limits. It helps with their productivity and independence. Lastly, reward positive behavior. If positive behavior is being rewarded, then chances are the student will do what it is they did again. Positive reinforcement does not need to be done all the time or for everything the studen t does because then the student will depend on that positive reinforcement all the time. A reward could be extra free time or stickers for the younger students. Also using encouraging words and showing appreciation can help the child to gain self confidence. References Alexander, F. (n.d.). Understanding Vocabulary. Retrieved from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/understanding-vocabulary Blackwell, J. (2012). The Pearl. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=19079 Hoge, J. (1988). Civic Education in Schools. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9210/civic.htm Ketcham, L. (2010). Online Graphic Organizers for Use with Special Education Students. Retrieved from http://www.mangomon.com/online-graphic-organizers-for-use-with-special-education-students/ Lewis, D. (2014). My Country. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27806 Marshall, P. (2014). The Importance of Reading Comprehension. Retrieved from http://www.k12reader.com/the-importance-of-reading-comprehension/ McElroy, K. (2012). Lesson Plan: The Four Seasons on Earth. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27155 Pennsylvania Department of Education. (2009). 9 High Leverage Strategies. Retrieved from http://stuff4educators.com/index.php?p=1_34_High-Impact-Strategies Reading Rockets. (2015). Concept Maps. Retrieved from http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/concept_maps Ruef, M., Higgins, C., Glaeser, B., Patnode, M. (n.d.). Positive behavioral support: Strategies for teachers. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032context=gse_facsei-redir=1referer=http://www.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dfive%2Bways%2Bthat%2Ba%2Bteacher%2Bcould%2Bgive%2Bbehavior%2Bsupports%2B%26go%3DSubmit%2BQuery%26qs%3Dbs%26form%3DQBRE#search=%22five%20ways%20teacher%20could%20give%20behavior%20supports%22 Wayne, S. (2011). Visual, spatial displays aid students with learning disabilities. Retrieved from http://news.psu.edu/story/153017/2011/12/28/visual-spatial-displays-aid-students-learning-disabilities

Film Analysis of Malicks Badlands (1973) Essays -- Cinematography Fi

The reclusive film director Terrence Malick has to date, only directed a small number of films. His twenty year hiatus between directing Days of Heaven (1978) and The Thin Red Line (1998), may provide the explanation for such a sparse back catalogue. Malick’s refusal to talk with the media, has led to hearsay, as to how he occupied his time during the hiatus. Malick’s directing debut Badlands (1973) is a collection of concepts, all carefully moulded together to create one iconic piece of film. This process draws in and also alienates the audience. Malick’s style is positively noted by critics to be influenced by European philosophy. This is clearly due to Malick’s study of philosophy at Harvard and Magdalen College Oxford. There is no given explanation to the mindless violence featured within the film, mainly due to the films resistance to the straight forward approach. The familiar and the unknown are carefully merged together. The only way of gaining an understanding into the hidden meanings within Badlands is by breaking down the film, by looking at the characters, the use of sound, the visual setting and the films genre. The illusionary effect of Malick’s style means that all is not as it seems. The films protagonists Kit Caruthers (Martin Sheen) and Holly (Sissy Spacek) are loosely based on the real life adolescent criminals Charles Starkweather and his girlfriend Caril Ann Fugate. Starkweather and Fugate become infamous after their murder spree through Nebraska and Wyoming in the 1950’s, however the story of two young fugitives in love is not one that is unfamiliar with audiences; the most notable is Arthur Penn’s Bonnie and Clyde (1967). The character of Kit also bears a resemblance to Jim Stark, James Dean’s character i... ...ames Dean. Available at: http://panicon4july.blogspot.com/2010/01/doing-his-best-james-dean-terrence.html (Accessed 19/12/2010) Film reference: Badlands. Available at http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Aw-Be/Badlands.html (Accessed 19/12/2010) Films Absence of Malick (2003) Dir. David Gregory [DVD]. USA: Warner Home Video. Badlands (1973) Dir. Terrence Malick [DVD]. California: Warner Home Video. Books Elizabeth Weis, John Belton (1985) Theory and Practice Film Sound, New York: Columbia University Press, pp 346. Hannah Patterson (2007) The cinema of Terrence Malick: poetic visions of America, London: Wallflower Press, pp 6. John Gibbs and Douglas Pye (2005) Style and meaning : studies in the detailed analysis of film. Engalnd: Manchester University Press, pp 42-52. Lloyd Michaels (2009) Terrence Malick, New York: University of Illinois Press.

lung cancer Essay -- essays research papers

LUNG CANCER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lung cancer is a carcinoma that develops in the epithelial cells that form the interior lining to the lungs. The airways get the most exposure to inhaled pollutants, thus most people who get lung cancer are smokers. Lung cancer is not just one disease. There are many types of cancer that form in the lungs most of which you can only see through a microscope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common cancer of the lungs is epidermoid. It is also known as squamous carcinoma because its cells look like a flat surface called a squamous cell. This cancer produces keratin, a substance found in skin and hair, which can be seen in a tumor. Squamous carcinoma is more common in smokers because it develops in the bronchi and spreads by invading local tissues, than to the lymph nodes and into the blood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large - cell carcinoma is a tumor that is fairly larger than other types. They don’t form keratin but they are common in smokers. They develop in the central or peripheral part of the lungs and the lymph glands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small cell carcinoma tumors are small and fragile. They are divided into groups by their shapes. The term â€Å"oat cell carcinoma† is used to develop in smokers and usually in the central part of the lung. They spread by the lymph glands and into the blood stream early. This type of tumors can only be seen through an electron microscope on high magnification. A rare type of lung cancer, which develops from hormone producing cells are carcinoid tumors. They have a much less malignant course than small cell carcinoma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lung cancer has been blamed on many factors but the most important is smoking. Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. The more often and longer a person smokes increases there chances of lung cancer. Cigarettes are supposed to relieve stress and depression, thirst and hunger. In reality they are only killing inside of you although you cant see it. Many people who have smoked for years figure the damage is already done so why quit. The risk of death from lung cancer is related to the number of smoked cigarettes per day and the age the smoker started. There is only a small risk for non smokers to develop lung cancer. Although there is a risk of people who are around a lot of smokers from second hand smoke.   ... ...ave lost a lot of weight or who have had prior radiotherapy are likely to respond poorly to drug therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By: unknown  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Shrouded Woman by Maria Luisa Bombal

 «Bombal – with her bold disregard for simple realism in favor of a heightened reality in which the external world reflects the internal truth of the characters' feeling, and with her deliberate mingling of fantasy, memory and event – is the precursor of the magical realism that is the flower of South American writing today. . . .Her novels awake a feeling of genuine discovery, of minds and hearts not borrowed from European literature but indigenous to a New World of thought and feeling » – Chicago Tribune.Marà ­a Luisa Bombal (Vià ±a del Mar, 6 July 1910 – 6 May 1980) was a Chilean authoress.   Her work now comes into a notice by themes of eroticism, surrealism and proto-feminism, and she towers over a small number of Latin American female authors whose works became famous. Bombal was one of the first Spanish American novelists to break away from the realist tradition in fiction and to write in a highly individual and personal style, stressing irr ational and subconscious themes (Delbanco 26). «The Shrouded Woman », as well as other works is full of drama. In this work an authoress spares attention to such themes, as feminism and the life after death. A short story is filled with senses and experiencing. She incorporated the secret inner world of her women protagonists into the mainstream of her novel. She added so much additional explanatory material to this novel. According to Women Writers of Spanish America: «One of the most outstand representatives of the avant-garde in Latin America. Her themes of erotic frustration, social marginality, and cosmic transcendence must be  considered as a profound expression of women's predicament presented through a feminine perspective »In her novel the reader sees almost everything through the eyes or sensations of the protagonist, who feels things deeply. The story line is relegated to a lesser role. Poetry seems to flow from this crystalline prose, and Bombal uses repeated s ymbolic images (such as mist, rain, and wind) with good effect and in an elegant simple style. A reader always knows what the author wants to say.In respect of this title: the shrouded woman, a corpse which is looking on her life as she regards the people at her coffin.A dead woman estimates the visitors who come to view her body. There is a number of intense. It is highly original short story. Bombal's novels were published in English in 1947 and 1948 but were altered significantly by the author to make them more commercially acceptable here (Delbanco 37). «The Shrouded Woman » examines female experience with stories of women who escape lonely, boring, and unfulfilled existences through fantasy and invented situations.In her novel Marà ­a Luisa Bombal masterly compares the unknown and supernatural kingdom of Death with concrete reality and real outward things. At the beginning of the novel, Ana Marà ­a lies dead and is surrounded by those who once had a relationship with her. Although she is dead, Ana Marà ­a can still hear and see those who are mourning her. At the same time, while she lies in her coffin, the protagonist is led into the past as she recalls events significant to her life, and she enters the supernatural space of Death inhabited by mystic voices and uncanny landscapes. She relives her love affairs and family relationships with a final clarity and futile wisdom.In this evocative novel, a blend of mystical elements, new style of righting, and social criticism opens eyes on the fully artificially useless lives of upper-class women of the earlier twentieth century.A passionate woman and mother of three children, Ana Maria finds that in death her perceptions are amplified; her emotions are fully realized. Her early beauty returns, and she see herself as pale, slender, and corrugated by time. In life she was imaginative, sensitive, intense, and facetious. She travels through the past and experiences her adolescent love for Ricardo (Delbanco 2 6).Ana Maria is in oblivion between life and death, and although she is dead to our world, she it possesses qualities of living man still. She lies on her deathbed and she remembers the whole life. She recalls each of the people who come close to her. Her unhappy life doesn’t allow her to die and rest peacefully. She must to release her anger and sadness in this world. She may die in peace and rest in the eternity only through her memories and seeing people at her deathbed.This novel shows all her suffering. The narrator is Ana Maria herself, but in some parts of the novel the narration is from another person. So we have no main teller. It suggests us an idea that position of Ana Maria is halved. From one side, her body, even dead, is present in the world of living. From another side, her soul in mystical way appears in the world of imprints of her own emotions. She feels such emotions as love and fear   (Delbanco 26).This work has been seen by some commentators as a rather early example of Latin American feminist writing, pointing to the concerns of various contemporary women authors. And undeniably there is a social dimension to fiction of, Marà ­a Luisa Bombal dealing as it sooften does with family relationships and with women existing in a society dominated by the worst type of macho males – boorish, insensitive, indifferent or simply cruel. But read solely on a social level, her work seems somewhat simplistic and repetitious. One misses the elements that make her fiction distinctive – the terse yet poetical prose, the dreamlike quality of the worlds she creates, the frequent use of natural elements to evoke interior moods. It is certainly these features of her work, rather than its feminist thrust that have attracted Jorge Luis Borges, who contributes to this volume perhaps one of the shortest prefaces on record.  Ã‚ «As night was beginning to fall, slowly her eyes opened. Oh, a little, just a little, it was as if, hidden behind her long lashes, she was trying to see. And in the glow of the tall candles, those who were keeping watch leaned forward to observe the clarity and transparency in that narrow fringe of pupil death had failed to slim. With wonder and reverence, they leaned forward, tin- aware that she could see them, for she was seeing, she was feeling . . .  » (Bombal, 1948).Marà ­a Luisa Bombal writes the monologue of the shrouded corpse of a woman who looks back on her restricted life in La amortajada. An excerpt: â€Å"Why does the nature of woman have to be such that she always has a man as the pivot of her life?† (Delbanco 40).Perhaps, the point is that her life does rise, all too short-lively and lamely, above the germinal; that the narrator is interrelating above all by her sister-in-law Regina, for whom she â€Å"feels envious of her suffering, her tragic love affair, envying even the possibility of her death†. By choosing to envy a melodramatic narrative of bourgeois adult ery, rather than dwelling in her elemental pool, the narrator never achieves the true oblivion of Bombal's â€Å"shrouded woman,† never accedes to the immanence that Deleuze describes as a moment that is only of a life playing with death. There are many accidents of internal and external life inour way to death. It is very important to give way to an impersonal of our emotions during the whole life. Every event in our life is subjective or objective (Delbanco 30).The â€Å"Shrouded woman† is placed better than the narrator of â€Å"The Final Mist.† She at least has children, and servants and retainers; she also has a personal history, youthful excesses to recall and relate; and she finds a strange power as she lies in her coffin, her dead form the object of attention, remorse, and regret, while she awaits â€Å"the death of the dead† that follows â€Å"the death of the living†. «The Shrouded Woman » is a story of frustrated desire, of languor a nd ennui, of a life that is no more than germinal, that never rises above the habitual except in the narrator's brief fantasy, cruelly dashed by the reality principle (Delbanco 30). «The Shrouded Woman » is the emergence of feminism in Latin American literature. With the keen interest in the feminist movement in later years, her works were read and commented on more widely. In  «The Shrouded Woman » Bombal's social position is luminal at best. She is in limbo.Some parts of the novel don’t bring an inspiration, but some of them are excellent. It enforces you to brood on over what happens after death. The novella,  «The Shrouded Woman » is an extraordinary work. It consists of small chapters. It is the story of a woman who finds herself newly dead. We can hear this story from the point of view of the main hero herself. All the members of her life bring their particle of ability to die. Her family brought some love and the sense of fault. Friends brought to her a par ticle of friendship. Her lovers brought to her happy and sadness. All of them stand by her deathbed and bring their pieces of her life with them.Works cited:1. Bombal, Maria-Luisa. The Shrouded Woman. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 19482. Delbanco, Steven. Bombal: Her Life and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005